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Biology - Y12 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Biodiversity

A

Number of species and number of individuals of each of the species within any one community

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2
Q

Definition of Species Richness

A

Number of different species in a community

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3
Q

Definition of Community

A

All the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time

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4
Q

Definition of Species

A

Group of similar organisms with the same genes that reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

Definition of Genetic Diversity

A

Difference in DNA/base sequence/alleles/genes

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6
Q

Definition of Niche

A

An organisms role in the community

It describes how it interacts with other species + how it responds to the environment

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7
Q

Definition of Habitat

A

A place where an organism normally lives within an ecosystem

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8
Q

Definition of Population

A

Number of specific species

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9
Q

How to calculate diversity index?

What information is required to calculate this?

A

Number of species
Number of individuals in each species

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10
Q

The number of species present is one way to measure biodiversity.
Explain why an index of biodiversity may be a more useful measure of biodiversity?

A

Also measures number of individuals of each species

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11
Q

Give 2 advantages of using an index of biodiversity rather than an indicator species?

A
  • Don’t need to identify each species
  • Index considers the number of organisms of each species
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12
Q

Suggest economic arguments for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Tourism
  • Agriculture
  • Saving local forest communities
  • Medical uses
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13
Q

A forest was cleared to make more land available for agriculture.

After the forest was cleared the species diversity of insects in the area decreased. Explain why? (4)

A
  • Decrease in variety of plants
  • Fewer habitats/niches
  • Decrease in variety of food/food sources
  • Aspect of clearing forest (killing insects) e.g. machinery/pesticides
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14
Q

Farmers clear tropical forest + grow crops instead.
Explain how this causes the diversity of insects in the area to decrease? (5)

A
  • Lower diversity of plant
  • Fewer sources of food
  • Fewer habitats/niches
  • Fewer herbivores so few carnivores
  • Aspect of agriculture (killing insects)
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15
Q

Name the Hierarchy

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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16
Q

What is the binomial naming system?

A

Genus Name, species name
—–> Capital Letter

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17
Q

Definition of Taxon

A

Group of similar organisms

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18
Q

Definition of Hierarchy

A

Groups contained within larger groups, which have NO overlap + organisms have only ONE taxon

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19
Q

What are the groupings on domain?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea (group of prokaryotes)
  • Eukarya
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20
Q

How many kingdoms does the eukarya domain divide into? Names?

A

4 kingdoms - Protist, Fungi, Plant, Animal

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21
Q

Definition of Phylogenic group?

A

Grouped according to evolutionary links with common ancestry

22
Q

Why do organisms display courtship behaviour?

A

To attract a mate of the same species and opposite sex to ensure reproductive success

23
Q

Give 5 ways in which courtship increases the probability of successful mating?

A
  • Attracts same species
  • Attracts opposite sex
  • Indication of sexual maturity/fertility
  • Stimulates release of gametes
  • Form pair bond
24
Q

In classification, comparing the base sequences of a gene provides more information than comparing the amino acid sequence for which the gene codes. Explain why?

A
  • Reference to base triplet/ more bases than amino acids
  • Introns/non-coding DNA
  • Same amino acids may be coded/DNA code is degenerate
25
Q

Comparing the base sequence of genes provides more evolutionary information than comparing the structure of proteins. Explain why?

A
  • Reference to base triplet/ more bases than amino acids
  • Introns/non-coding DNA
  • Same amino acids may be coded/DNA code is degenerate
26
Q

Give 2 ways doctors could use base sequences to compare different types of HPV?

A
  • Compare DNA base sequence
  • Compare mRNA base sequence
  • Look for mutations
27
Q

Describe how comparisons of biological molecules in 2 species could be used to find out if they are closely related? (4)

A
  • Compare DNA
  • Compare sequence of bases/nucleotides
  • Compare sequence of amino acids/primary structure
  • Compare same/named protein
28
Q

REVISE LAST 2 PAGES OF BIODIVERSITY BOOKLET

A
29
Q

Definition of:

  • Interspecific
  • Intraspecific
A
  • Competition for resources between organisms of different species e.g. food sources
  • Competition for resources between individuals of the same species e.g. mates, courtship
30
Q

What is a biotic factor?

A

Living factors (competition, predation, disease)

31
Q

What is an abiotic factor?

A

Non-living factors (temperature, light intensity, soil/water pH)

32
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Occurs in environment when introduction of new plats/animals into area aren’t supported by community

33
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Occurs after forest fire or clearance of agricultural land so vegetative organs may remain viable so influx in animals/plants

34
Q

What is deflected succession?

A

Occurs when climax community is prevented from establishing e.g. practices by humans

35
Q

Describe the process of succession (6)

A
  • (Colonisation by) [named] pioneer species
  • Pioneers cause change in environmental abiotic/biotic factors (example)
  • Pioneers make environment less hostile for new species
  • New species make conditions less suitable for previous species
  • Change in biodiversity
  • Stability increases (population/richness/abiotic factors)
36
Q

Explain how succession results in a wide variety of fish living on coral reefs (2)

A
  • Increase in variety of species/plants/animals OR Increase in number of species/populations; OR Increase in species richness / biodiversity
  • Provides more/different habitats/niches OR Provides greater variety/types of food OR becomes less hostile
37
Q

Describe random sampling
[estimation of population density]
[5]

A
  • Use a grid to split area into squares/sections
  • Method of obtaining random coordinates e.g. random number generator
  • Count number/frequency of plants in a quadrat
  • Large sample (20+ quadrats) AND Calculate mean/average number (per quadrat/section);
  • Valid method of calculating total number of ……… e.g. mean number of plants per quadrat multiplied by number of quadrats in area
38
Q

Describe systematic sampling [3]

A
  • Transect/lay line/tape measure
  • Place quadrats at regular intervals along the line
  • Count plants/percentage cover/abundance scale (in quadrats) OR Count plants and record where they touch line/transect
39
Q

Which type of sampling would you choose?
On a beach

A

RANDOM

40
Q

Which type of sampling would you choose?
Along a beach

A

SYSTEMATIC

41
Q

Which type of sampling would you choose?
In a wooded habitat

A

RANDOM

42
Q

Which type of sampling would you choose?
On a coral reef

A

RANDOM

43
Q

Which type of sampling would you choose?

Investigate how the distribution of species changes across a sandune away from the sea

A

SYSTEMATIC

44
Q

Describe how you would determine the mean percentage cover for beach grass on a sand dune. [3]

A
  • Method of randomly determining position (of quadrats) e.g. random numbers table/generator
  • Large number/sample of quadrats (min 20)
  • Divide total percentage by number of quadrats
45
Q

Describe the mark, release, recapture technique (4)

A
  • Capture sample, mark and release;
  • Appropriate method of marking suggested + doesn’t harm
  • Take second sample and count marked organisms;
  • Calculate population =
    (No in sample1 × No in sample2) divided by Number marked (recaptured) in sample 2
46
Q

Suggest why the mark-release-recapture method can produce unreliable results in very large lakes [2]

A
  • Less chance of recapturing fish OR Unlikely fish distribute randomly/evenly;
  • Fish may remain in one area OR fish may congregate
47
Q

Describe how you would determine how many quadrats to use when investigating a habitat. (5)

A
  • Calculate running mean
  • When enough quadrats, this shows little change
  • Enough to carry out a statistical test
  • A large number to make sure results are reliable + representative
  • Need to make sure work can be carried out in the time available;
48
Q

What is meant by carrying capacity?

A

Maximum number of individuals of each species an ecosystem can support

49
Q

Suggest two reasons for conserving rainforests?

A
  • Conserve/protect species/plants/animals/organisms OR for (bio)diversity
  • Conserve/protect habitats/niches OR Provides/many habitats/niches; or conserve land for indigenous communities;
  • Reduces climate change;
  • Source of medicines/drugs/wood;
    Reduces erosion/eutrophication;
  • Tourism;
50
Q

Give 2 features of a climax community?

A
  • Stable population
  • Abiotic factors are constant

Biology - Y12 (12 decks)

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