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NPLEX I 2024 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are cytokine signals?

A

signals usually generated by noncovalent binding of a ligand to a complementary cell bound receptor >

change in the transcriptional program of the target cell (change in metabolic or proliferative state)

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2
Q

what are cytokines?

A

proteins that mediate the effector functions of the immune system

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3
Q

what are the ways in which cytokines can act?

A
  • endocrine action: released into the bloodstream to affect distant cells
  • paracrine action: released to affect nearby cells
  • autocrine action: released, but then bind to receptors on the cell that produced them
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4
Q

define pleiotropic activity of cytokines

A

induces different biologic effect dependent on target cell

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5
Q

define redundant activity of cytokines

A

mediates similar effects on target cell

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6
Q

define synergy activity of cytokines

A

combines two cytokine activities to be greater than additive effect

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7
Q

define antagonistic activity of cytokines

A

effect inhibits one cytokines effect by anothers action

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

define cascade activity of cytokines

A

effect of one cytokine on one target cell to produce additional cytokine(s)

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10
Q

what are the classes of cytokines?

A
  • IL 1
  • class 1 (hematopoietin)
  • class 2 (interferon)
  • TNF
  • IL 17
  • chemokines
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11
Q

IL-1 Family functions, stimulation, secretion, and action

A
  • promote inflammation
  • stimulated by viral, parasitic, or bacterial antigens
  • secreted early in immune responses by macrophages and dendritic cells
  • act locally on capillary permeability and to pull leukocytes to infected tissues
  • acts systemically to signal liver to produce acute phase proteins
  • help initiate adaptive immune response
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12
Q

cytokines secreted by macrophages

A

acute: IL1, IL6, TNFa

then recruit IL8 and IL12

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13
Q

cytokines secreted by T cells

A

IL2
IL3

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14
Q

cytokines secreted by Th1 cells

A

IFN-y (gamma)

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15
Q

cytokines secreted by Th2

A

IL4
IL5
IL10
IL13

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16
Q

what are the ILs (1-6)

A

Hot T-bone stEAK

IL…

  1. fever (hot)
  2. stim T cells
  3. stim bone marrow
  4. stim IgE production
  5. stim IgA production
  6. stim aKute-phase protein production
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17
Q

IL-1

A
  • osteoclast activating factor
  • causes fever and acute inflammation
  • activates endothelium to express adhesion molecules
  • induces chemokine secretion to recruit WBC (via vasodilation)
18
Q

IL-2

A
  • secreted by T cells
  • stim growth of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells
  • stim growth of NK cells
19
Q

IL-3

A
  • secreted by T cells
  • stim growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells
20
Q

IL-4

A
  • secreted from Th2 cells
  • induces differentiation of T cells in Th (helper) 2 cells
  • promotes growth of B cells
  • enhances class switching to IgE and IgG

Aint too proud 2 BEG 4 HELP

21
Q

IL-5

A
  • secreted from Th2 cells
  • promotes growth and differentiation of B cells
  • enhances class switching to IgA
  • stim growth and diff of eosinophils

I have 5 BAEs

22
Q

IL-6

A
  • causes fever and stim production of acute phase proteins
  • secreted by macrophages
23
Q
A
23
Q

IL-8

A
  • major chemokine factor for recruitment of neutrophils
  • secreted by macrophages

Clean up on aisle 8! (clean up infection)

24
Q

IL-10

A
  • secreted from Th2 cells
  • calm inflammatory response
  • dec expression of MHC class II and Th1 cytokines
  • inhibits activated macrophages and dendritic cells
  • also secreted by regulatory T cells
25
Q

what cytokines attenuate/calm the immune response (anti-inflammatory)?

A

TGF-B
IL-10

26
Q

IL-12

A
  • differentiates T cells into Th1 cells
  • activates NK cills
  • facilitates granuloma formation in TB
  • secreted by macrophages
27
Q

IL-13

A
  • secreted from Th2 cells
  • promotes IgE production by B cells
  • induces alternative macrophage activation

IL 13 promotes IgE

28
Q

subtypes of class 2 (IFN) cytokines

A

type I, II, and III

29
Q

type I IFNs

A
  • IFNa and IFNb
  • antiviral effects
  • secreted by activated macrophages and dendritic cells
  • induce synthesis of ribonucleases and inhibit protein synthesis
30
Q

IFN function

A
  • innate immunity
  • activate anti tumor activity
  • interfere with RNA + DNA viruses
  • cells infected with a virus synthesize glycoproteins
  • prime local cells for viral defense by downregulating protein synthese to resist potential viral replication
  • upreg MHC expression of same local cells to allow recognition to immune sys
31
Q

type II interferons

A
  • IFN-y
  • produced by activated T/NK cells in response to antigens of IL12 from macrophages
  • stim macrophages to kill phagocytosed pathogens
  • potent modulator of adapative immunity
  • inhibits diff of TH2 cells (promotes Th1 intracellular response)
  • induces IgG class switching in B cells
  • inc MHC exp and Ag presentation by all cells
  • act macrophages to form granulomas
32
Q

type III IFNs

A
  • IFN (upside down y)
  • secreted by plasmacytoid dendritic cells
  • upregulate genes controlling viral replication and host cell proliferation
33
Q

TNF family function

A
  • reg development, effector function, and homeostasis of cells of skeletal, neuronal, and immune sys
  • can be soluble or membrane bound
34
Q

TNFa

A
  • proinflammatory
  • produced by activated macrophages
  • activated endothelium
  • WBC recruitment
  • mediates fever and sepsis
  • vascular leak
35
Q

TNFb

A
  • produced by activated lymphocytes
  • delivers signals to leukocytes and endothelial cells
  • anti-inflammatory
36
Q

pathologic implications of TNFa

A
  • causes cachexia in malignancy
  • maintains granuloma in TB
37
Q

IL-17

A
  • proinflammatory
  • receptors on neutrophils, keratinocytes
  • neutrophil recruitment
  • interface of innate and adaptive immunity
  • homodimers / transmembrane proteins
38
Q

chemokines

A
  • direct leukocyte migration
  • G protein coupled receptors
  • helps cells move to different areas
39
Q
A

NPLEX I 2024 (23 decks)

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