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NPLEX I 2024 > Bio Chem (Metabolism) > Flashcards

Bio Chem (Metabolism) Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis Tissue

A

all tissues

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2
Q

Glycolysis Cellular compartment

A

cytosol

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3
Q

Glycolysis substrate

A

glucose

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4
Q

Glycolysis key enzymatic step

A

PFK-1* (rate limiting)
Hexokinase (found everywhere)
Glucokinase (pancreas and liver)

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5
Q

Glycolysis product

A

pyruvate

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6
Q

Glycolysis regulators

A

(+) insulin, Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, AMP

(-) too much ATP or citrate

(-) ATP

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7
Q

Glycolysis Cofactors

A

Mg

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8
Q

Glycolysis Key intermediates

A

Glucose-6-phosphate can’t leave the cell once converted

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9
Q

Glycolysis energy production

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

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10
Q

Pyruvate oxidation tissue

A

tissue that have mitochondria and oxygen

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11
Q

Pyruvate oxidation location

A

mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

Pyruvate oxidation substrate

A

pyruvate

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13
Q

Pyruvate oxidation Cofactors and key enzyme

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase needs
thiamine, niacin, riboflavin,
NAD, FAD, TPP, CoA, lipoic acid

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14
Q

Pyruvate oxidation product

A

acetyl CoA

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15
Q

Pyruvate oxidation regulation

A

(+) NAD, ADP

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16
Q

Pyruvate oxidation energy production

A

2 acetyl CoA
2 NADH

2 NADH

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17
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis tissue

A

tissue w/o oxygen

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18
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis cellular compartment

A

cytosol

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19
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis substrate

A

pyruvate

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20
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis key enzyme step/cofactor

A

lactate dehydrogenase

NAD, FAD, TTP

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21
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis product

A

lactate can be toxic if can’t eliminate

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22
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis regulators

A

(+) NADH

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23
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis energy generation

A

-NADH

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24
Q

Krebs cycle tissue

A

all tissues, but liver is most significant

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25
Q

Krebs cycle cellular compartment

A

mitochondrial matrix

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26
Q

Krebs cycle substrate

A

acetyl CoA

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27
Q

Krebs cycle key enzyme/cofactor

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase (1st energy generating step) and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

AKDH needs same 5 cofactors as pyruvate dehydrogenase - NAD, FAD, TPP, CoA, lipoic acid

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28
Q

Krebs cycle product

A

Co2, NADH, FADH2, GTP

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29
Q

Krebs cycle regulation

A

(+) NAD, FAD, GDP

(-) ATP, citrate

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30
Q

Krebs cycle energy productions

A

(+) 3 NADH
(+) 1 FADH
(+) 1 GTP

(run through twice for one molecule of glucose)

(+) FADH

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31
Q

Glycogen synthesis tissue

A

liver

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32
Q

Glycogen synthesis cellular compartment

A

cytosol

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33
Q

Glycogen synthesis substrate

A

glucose

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34
Q

Glycogen synthesis key enzyme step

A

phosphoglucomutase (commits glucose to pathway)

glycogen synthase (links glucose molecules)

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35
Q

Glycogen synthesis product

A

glycogen

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36
Q

Glycogen synthesis regulation

A

(+) UTP

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37
Q

Glycogen synthesis key intermediates

A

UDP-glucose

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38
Q

Glycogen synthesis energy production

A

-1 ATP/glucose

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39
Q

Glycogenolysis tissues

A

liver, muscle

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40
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt tissues

A

liver, RBC mammary gland, adrenal cortex

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41
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt cellular component

A

cytosol

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42
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt substrate

A

glucose-6P

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43
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt key enzyme step

A

glucose-6P dehydrogenase (oxidative)

transktetolase (non-oxidative, requires TTP)

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44
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt product

A

NADPH, ribose sugars

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45
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/HMP Shunt key intermediates

A

NADPH

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46
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis tissues

A

liver, adipose, mammary glands, kidney

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47
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis cellular component

A

cytosol (leaves mitochondria via citrate shuttle)

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48
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis substrate

A

acetyl coA

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49
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis key enzyme step

A

acetyl coA carboxylase (requires biotin)

fatty acid synthase (has B5 as part of structure)

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50
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis product

A

palmitate

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51
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis regulation

A

(+) insulin

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52
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis key intermediates

A

malonyl coA

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53
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis energy production

A

-1 ATP/malonyl CoA, -2 NADPH/malonyl CoA

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54
Q

Beta oxidation tissues

A

liver, muscle, kidney

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55
Q

Beta oxidation cellular component

A

mitochondria (peroxisome)

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56
Q

Beta oxidation substrate

A

fatty acyls

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57
Q

Beta oxidation key enzyme step

A

acetyl CoA synthase

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58
Q

Beta oxidation product

A

acetyl coA, NADH, FADH2

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59
Q

Beta oxidation regulation

A

(+) glucagon

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60
Q

Beta oxidation key intermediates

A

fatty acyl coA, fatty acyl carnitine

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61
Q

Beta oxidation energy production

A

16C saturated FA = 129 ATP (131 total - 2 ATP for activation)

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62
Q

ketogenesis tissue

A

liver

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63
Q

ketogenesis cellular component

A

mitochondrial matrix

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64
Q

ketogenesis substrate

A

acetyl coA

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65
Q

ketogenesis key enzyme step

A

HMG CoA synthase

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66
Q

ketogenesis product

A

beta-hydrozybuterate dehydrogenase, acetone, acetoacetate

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67
Q

ketogenesis regulation

A

(+) acetyl CoA

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68
Q

ketogenesis key intermediates

A

HMG CoA

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69
Q

ketogenesis energy production

A

-2 acetyl coA, -1 NADH

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70
Q

ketone degradation tissues

A

brain, skeletal muscle, heart muscle

NOT liver

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71
Q

ketone degradation cellular component

A

mitochondrial matrix

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72
Q

ketone degradation substrate

A

products of ketogenesis

beta-hydrozybuterate dehydrogenase, acetone, acetoacetate

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73
Q

ketone degradation key enzyme step

A

beta-hydrozybuterate dehydrogenase

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74
Q

ketone degradation product

A

acetyl coA

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75
Q

ketone degradation key intermediates

A

HMG CoA

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76
Q

ketone degradation energy production

A

+2 acetyl coA, +1 NADH, -1 GTP

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77
Q

cholesterol synthesis tissue

A

liver

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78
Q

cholesterol synthesis cellular component

A

cytosol

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79
Q

cholesterol synthesis substrate

A

acetyl coA

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80
Q

cholesterol synthesis key enzyme step

A

HMG CoA reductase

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81
Q

cholesterol synthesis product

A

cholesterol

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82
Q

cholesterol synthesis regulation

A

(+) insulin

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83
Q

cholesterol synthesis key intermediates

A

HMG CoA, mevolonate –> CoQ

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84
Q

cholesterol synthesis energy production

A

lots

body doesnt usually break it down for energy

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85
Q

urea cycle tissue

A

liver

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86
Q

urea cycle cellular component

A

cytosol, mithochondrial matrix

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87
Q

urea cycle substrate

A

NH4+, glucose, CO2, aspartate

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88
Q

urea cycle key enzyme step

A

CPS I (Rate limiting)

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89
Q

urea cycle product

A

urea

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90
Q

urea cycle regulation

A

(+) N-acetyl glutamate

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91
Q

urea cycle key intermediates

A

arginine, fumarate

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92
Q

urea cycle energy production

A

-2 ATP

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93
Q

gluconeogenesis tissues

A

liver, kidney, SI

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94
Q

gluconeogenesis cellular component

A

mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, ER

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95
Q

gluconeogenesis substrate

A

alanine (AA), lactate (AR), glycerol (Lipids)

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96
Q

gluconeogenesis key enzyme step

A

pyruvate carboxylase/ PEP carboxykinase

PFK I

G6P

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97
Q

gluconeogenesis product

A

glucose

98
Q

gluconeogenesis regulation

A

(+) acetyl coA
(-) F26-bisP

(-) F26-bisP

99
Q

gluconeogenesis key intermediates

A

pyruvate, fructose-1,6-bisP, glocuose 6P

100
Q

gluconeogenesis energy production

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 4 ATP
  • 2 GTP
101
Q

glycogenolysis tissues

A

liver, muscle

102
Q

glycogenolysis cellular component

A

cytosol

103
Q

glycogenolysis substrate

A

glycogen

104
Q

glycogenolysis key enzyme step

A

glycogen phosphorylase

requires biotin) (glucose 6P

105
Q

glycogenolysis product

A

G6P or glucose (liver only)

106
Q

glycogenolysis regulation

A

(+) AMP, cAMP

(-) glucose

107
Q

glycogenolysis key intermediates

A

G6P

108
Q

what are the monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose
mannose

109
Q

what are the disaccharides

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose
isomaltose

110
Q

what bond is on maltose

A

a1-4

111
Q

what bond is on lactose

A

b1-4

lactase specific

112
Q

what bond is on sucrose

A

a1-b2

113
Q

what types of bonds are on glycogen

A

a1-4 (base chains)

a1-6 (branch points)

114
Q

what types of bonds are on cellulose

A

b1-4 (making it indigestible)

115
Q

what is unique about the beta bond in lactose?

A

humans usually cant break down/digest beta bonds; but with lactose there is a specific lactase enzyme that allows us to

116
Q

amylose vs amylopectin structure

A

amylose is unbranched, helix

amylopectin branched chains of glucose

117
Q

what are the polysaccharides

A

glycogen
inulin
cellulose

118
Q

polysaccharides in carb absorption are broken down to monosaccharides by what

A

brush border enzymes

119
Q

carb absorption; fructose is brought in via..

A

facilitated diffusion

120
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the mitochondria?

A 
krebs cycle
fatty acid oxidation
formation of acetyl coA
part of urea cycle 
part of gluconeogenesis
121
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the golgi?

A

synthesis and packaging of complex molecules including glycolipis, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins

122
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the cytosol

A 
glycolysis
HMP shunt
protein synthesis
fatty acid synthesis
part of urea cycle
part of gluconeogenesis
123
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the lysosomes

A

degradation of complex macromolecules

124
Q

what biochemical rxns take place in the nucleus

A

DNA and RNA synthesis

125
Q

most ATP is formed in which cellular component?

A

mitochondria

126
Q

why break down proteins, carbs, and fats into acetyl-coA (C2) in the TCA/krebs/citric acid acycle?

A

to link them with oxaloacetate (C4) and create citric acid/citrate

127
Q

vitamins with role in TCA

A

thiamin (B1)
riboflavin (B2)
niacin (B3)
pantothenic acid (B5)

128
Q

how is H oxidation accomplished in ox-phos?

A

by splitting hydrogen atom into H+ ion and free electron

129
Q

pathologies associated with ox phos of electron transport chain

A

uncoupling
inhibition = blocking respiratory chain at places other that ADP+P posiotion

poisons, insecticids, antibiotics, barbituates

130
Q

where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

INNER membrane of mitochondria

131
Q

glycolysis aerobic/anaerobic

A

can occur under both

aerobic glycolysis ends at pyruvate

anaeorbic ends at lactate (less energy produced)

132
Q

hexokinase is found mainly in what tissue

A

muscle cells

133
Q

glucokinase is found mainly in what tissue

A

liver cells

134
Q

what is the major controller of liver glycogen metabolism

A

concentration of phosphorylase-a

135
Q

increased cAMP has what effect on
glycogenesis
glycogenolysis

A

SLOWS glycogenesis (inactivation of glycogen synthase)

MORE glycogenolysis (activation of phosphorylase)

136
Q

HMP shunt primary functions

A

alternative route for glucose metbolism

  • generates NADPH
  • provides ribose residues
137
Q

HMP shunt ATP generation

A

NONE

138
Q

what are eicosanoids

A

biologically active 20 carbon fatty acids that give rise to cytokines/prostanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes)

139
Q

of the 3 series of eicosanoids, which are completely essential and which are conditionally essential?

A

linoleic (omega 6) and alpha linoleic (omega 3) fatty acids are completely essential

arachodonate is conditionally essential

140
Q

role of eicosanoids

A

gives rise to individual sets of prosaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxane (PG-1, LK-1, TX-1, PG-2, LK-2, etc..) to work in concert to create inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance

141
Q

what are the three series of eicosanoids

A

series 1: linoleic acid (omega 6)
series 2: arachadonic acid
series 3: alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3)

142
Q

which series of eicosanoid is pro-inflammatory

A

series 2: arachadonic acid

143
Q

what enzyme breaks down arachadonate out of membrane phospholipid > arachadonic acid

A

PLA-2 (phospholipase A2)

144
Q

what enzyme converts arachadonic acid > leukotrienes

A

lipoxygenase

145
Q

what enzyme converts arachadonic acid > prostaglandins/thromboxanes

A

cyclooxygenase

146
Q

what are the essential amino acids

A

Three Liars, Val, Lucy, and Me, Tripped and Fell in His Isolation Tank

threonine
lysine
valine
leucine
methionine
tryptophan
arginine
phenylalanine
histidine
isoleucine
147
Q

non-essential amino acids

A

Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Getting Taken Prom Shopping

alanine
aspartate
glutamate
glycine
cysteine
asparginine
glutamine
tyrosine
proline
serine
148
Q

what makes up the tripeptide glutathione and which is the rate limiting AA for formation

A

glutamic acid/glutamine
cysteine (RL)
glycine

149
Q

what is a zymogen

give an example

A

inactive precursor of an active enzyme

Ex:

zymogen: trypsinogen
enzyme: trypsin

150
Q

how do enzymes speed up thermodynamically favorable reactions

A

lower energy of activation by binding to a SUBSTRATE

an enzyme is NOT part of any product

151
Q

enzyme activity (reaction rate) is affected by:

A

temp

pH

152
Q

what are co-factors

A

small molecular weight substances (B vitamins and trace minerals) that are neede to help some enzymes react

typically the cofactor is part of the substrate binding site, on the enzyme

153
Q

enzymes; difference between competitive vs non-competitive inhibition

A

competitive: binds at substrate binding site

non-competitive: binds to non-substrate site

154
Q

products of HMP shunt are important in which processes

A

nucleic acid synthesis
steroid synthesis
hepatic phase I detox

155
Q

which part of the urea cycle occurs in the mitochondria?

A

NH4+CO2 > carbamoyl phosphatase (CP)

CP > L-citrulline

156
Q

which part of the urea cycle occurs in the cytosol?

A

series of transaminations resulting in L-arginine going to urea + L-ornithine

157
Q

L amino acids are actively transferred across the intestines with the help of what?

A

vitamin B6

158
Q

what cofactor is necessary for alanine aminotransferase rxns?

A

vit B6 derivative

159
Q

for the following AA name the alpha-keto acid and enzyme for its conversion

alanine
glutamate
aspartate

A

alanine > (ALT) > pyruvate
glutamate > alpha ketoglutarate
aspartate > (AST) > oxaloacetate

160
Q

What is the enzyme produced by the brush border and pancreas, and is responsible for the cleaving of single amino acids off of the carboxy end of the peptides?

A

Carboxypeptidase

161
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for converting IMP and GMP into their nucleoside forms?

A

5’-nucleotidase

162
Q

what is choleterol an important precursor for?

A

bile acids
steroid hormones
vitamin D

163
Q

what metabolic process is Carnitine Acyl transferase involved in

A

lipolysis

164
Q

what metabolic process is Acetyl CoA carboxylase involved in

A

lipid synthesis

165
Q

what metabolic process is HMG CoA reductase involved in

A

cholesterol synthesis

166
Q

what metabolic process is HMG CoA synthase involved in

A

ketogenesis

167
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in steroid synthesis

A

20,22-desmolase

168
Q

what does the enzyme hydrolase do

A

adds H2O to break bonds (hydrolysis)

169
Q

what does the enzyme aldolase do

A

cleaves C-C bonds to form aldehydes

170
Q

what does the enzyme dehydrogenase do

A

removes H from substrate

171
Q

what does the enzyme hydratase do

A

adds H2O to C-C bonds without breaking bond

can also remove H2O to create double bond

172
Q

what does the enzyme isomerase do

A

converts between isomers

cis/trans, D/L, aldolase/ketolase

173
Q

what does the enzyme esterase do

A

hydrolyzes ester linkages to form an alcohol and acid

174
Q

first step of liver detox pathway

A

phase 1 - hydroxylating cytochrome 450 system; makes fat soluble compounds water soluble
CYP450

(-OH added)

175
Q

second step of liver detox pathway

A

phase 2 - enzymatic conjugation

takes water soluble/polar intermediates and adds an “anchor” by conjugating them with amino acids

176
Q

last step of liver detox pathway

A

excretion

bile
serum > urine

177
Q

regulatory enzyme for lipolysis

A

carnitine acyltransferase

178
Q

regulatory enzyme for fat mobilization

A

hormone sensitive lipase

179
Q

regulatory enzyme for lipid synthesis

A

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

180
Q

regulatory enzyme for cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA reductase

181
Q

regulatory enzyme for pentose phosphate shunt

A

G6P dehydrogenase

182
Q

regulatory enzyme for ketone body synthesis

A

HMG CoA synthase

183
Q

regulatory enzyme for purine synthesis

A

amidotransferase

184
Q

preferred nutrient of brain for
normal:
prolonged fast:

A

normal: glucose
fast: ketone bodies, glucose

185
Q

preferred nutrient of muscle for
normal:
prolonged fast:

A

normal:
rest - fatty acids
exercise - glucose

fast: fatty acids

186
Q

preferred nutrient of heart for
normal:
prolonged fast:

A

“takes anything”

fatty acids, ketone bodies, lactate, glucose for normal and fast

187
Q

preferred nutrient of erythrocytes for
normal:
prolonged fast:

A

glucose for both normal and fasting

188
Q

what do kinases do?

A

phosphorylate - take a phosphate group from high energy substrate (ATP) > ADP

adding a phosphate group (kinase is included in word, “hexokinase”) uses ATP, removing one (kinase separate from name “pyruvate kinase”) gains ATP

189
Q

what is the purpose of glycolysis?

A

converting sugar to energy

190
Q

what are the processes involving in aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis
pyruvate dehydrogenase
TCA cycle
ETC
glycogenolysis
glycogenesis
gluconeogenesis

191
Q

what are the fates of pyruvate?

A

pyruvate >

> actetyl CoA (pyruvate oxidation) ** most energy generating path
lactate (anaerobic glycolysis/lactic acid cycle)
alanine
oxaloacetate

191
Q

what five cofactors are required for the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex involved in conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA to prep for entry to TCA cycle?

A

thiamine pyrophosphate (B1)
lipoic acid
CoA (B5; pantothenic acid)
FAD (B2, riboflavin)
NAD+ (B3, niacin)

“The Lovely Co-enzymes For Nerds”

192
Q

what is the purpose of anaerobic glycolysis? when would this occur?

A

to regenerate NAD+

cells without mitochondria (RBCs) or anaerobic conditions of skeletal mm

193
Q

which complex of the ETC involves NADH? which involves FADH?

A

complex 1 - NADH
complex 2 - FADH2

194
Q

what cofactor is involved with complex 3 of the ETC?

A

CoQ10

195
Q

how many ATP is 1 NADH?

NPLEX RULES

A

3

196
Q

how many ATP is 1 FADH?

NPLEX RULES

A

2

197
Q

1 molecule of glucose =

NPLEX RULES

A

glycolysis: 2 NADH, 2 ATP
pyruvate: 2 NADH
TCA: 6 NADH, 2 GTP, 2 FADH

= 38 ATP (36-38 based on shuttles)

198
Q

what are the intermediates of the krebs cycle?

A

Citrate
Is (isocitrate)
Krebs (aKG)
Starting (succinyl coA)
Substrate (succinate)
For (fumarate)
Making (malate)
Oxaloacetate

199
Q

what are the shuttles that take biproducts into mitochodria?

A

malate shuttle (kidney, liver, heart)
gkycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (brain, skeletal muscle)

200
Q

what does the malate shuttle do?

A

when there is high NADH:NAD in cytosol > moves NADH WITH concentration gradient

201
Q

what does the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle do?

A

when there is low NADH:NAD in cytosol > moves NADH AGAINST concentration gradient

(requires energy; -1 NADH, +1 FADH2; net loss of 1 ATP per pyruvate molecule&raquo_space;> hence why 2 less ATP)

202
Q

what bonds can amylase break?

A

alpha 1-4 (CAN’T break down alpha 1-6 in complex carbs)

203
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

production of glucose from NEW (non-carb) sources:

pyruvate, AAs, fats, glycerol, lactic acid

204
Q

where in the body does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

liver
kidney (PCT)
small amounts in intestines

205
Q

what transporter brings glucose into the liver? what about kidneys?

A

GLUT-2 (liver)
GLUT-3 (kidney)

206
Q

key cofactor for hexokinase/glucokinase in glycolysis

A

magnesium

207
Q

cofactors for LDH in anaerobic glycolysis

A

TPP (b1)
NAD (b3, niacin)
FAD (b2, riobflavin)

208
Q

cofactors for isocitrate DH / aKG DH in TCA

A

same as PDH (TPP, NAD, FAD, Lipoic acid, CoA)

209
Q

main purpose of PPP/HMP Shunt

A

produce NADPH

210
Q

what main processes could Acetyl coA do?

A
  • go into krebs cycle and make energy
  • go into fatty acid synthesis
  • go into cholesterol cynthesis
211
Q

what molecules serve as “shunts” and move processes in and out of structures

A

fatty acyl carnitine
citrate

212
Q

steroisomers

A
  • enantiomers: mirror image (D vs L)
  • diasteromers: non, mirror image
  • epimer: differ at one carbon
  • anomers: cyclized structures only, A or B
213
Q

what are the monosaccharides

A

glucose
mannose
galactose
fructose

214
Q

what are the digestible disaccharides

A
  • sucrose (glucose-fructose)
  • lactose (glucose-galactose)
  • maltose (glucose-glucose)
215
Q

GLUT 1

A

erythrocyte
blood — barrier
- brain
- retinal
- placental
- testis

216
Q

GLUT 2

A

liver
kidney
pancreatic beta cells
serosal surface of intestinal mucosa cells

217
Q

GLUT 3

A

brain (neurons)

218
Q

GLUT 4

A

adipose tissue
skeletal muscle
heart muscle

insulin sensitive

219
Q

GLUT 5

A

intestinal epithelium
spermatozoa

actually a fructose transporter

220
Q

when do we want glycogen metabolism to occur? where?

A

when we want to store glucose or use reserves

cytosol

221
Q

rate limiting step for glycogenolysis and its cofactor

A

glycogen phosphorylase

pyridoxal-5-phosphate (B6)

222
Q

rate limiting step for glycogenesis

A

glycogen synthase

223
Q

upregulation for glucose (gluconeogenesis OR glycogenolysis)

A

glucagon (liver only)
epinephrine
GTP

224
Q

upregulation for glycogen

A

insulin; will encourage glucose uptake into cells and glycogen formation

225
Q

rate limiting step of glycolysis and what upregulates it?

A

phosphofructokinase

  • amp
  • h+
  • fruc 2,6 biphos (inc with insulin)
226
Q

fates of pyruvate

A
  • pyruvate ox (mitochondrial matrix)
  • anaerobic glycolysis (cytosol)
227
Q

purpose of anerobic glycolysis

A

regenerate NAD+

cystol
cells without mitochondria (RBCs)
anaerobic conditions (skeletal muscle)

228
Q

sources of acetyl coA for TCA cycle

A
  • fatty acid (palmitate) beta ox
  • ketone body (acetoacetate) metabolism
  • glucose
  • pyruvate oxidation
  • amino acid (alanine) catabolism
  • ethanol metabolism
229
Q

ketogenic vs glucogenic AA function

A

ketogenic AA can be ox to form acetyl coA for ketone body genesis during ketosis

purely keto: lysine and leucine

both: PITTT, phenylalanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine

all others glucogenic (converted > glucose during gluconeogenesis)

230
Q

TCA rate limiting step

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

231
Q
A
232
Q

ETC location

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

233
Q

ETC complexes and inhibiting factors

A
  • complex I: - by rotenone
  • complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)
  • complex III: - by antimycin A
  • complex IV: - by cyanide, CO
  • complex V: - by oligomycin
234
Q

insulin secretion

A

secretion is
- stim by glucose
- inhibited by epi

235
Q

insulin function relationship to metabolism

A

causes glucose uptake, synthesis of
- glycogen
- protein
- fat

236
Q

what enzyme is involved in insulin receptor activation

A

receptor tyrosine kinase >phosphorylates insulin receptor and IRS

237
Q

insulin v glucagon cells

A

insulin beta cells
glucagon alpha cells

238
Q

glucagon secretion

A

stim by low glucose or inc epi

inh by insulin

239
Q

what enzyme is involves in glucagon activation

A

adenylate cyclase > protein kinase

240
Q

fructose metabolism

A
  • mostly liver (sometimes small int or kidney)
  • enters cells via facilitated diffusion
  • insulin independent
  • rate limiting step: aldolase B
241
Q

def of aldolase B vs def of fructokinase

A

def aldolase B:fructose intolerance

def fructokinase: fructosuria

NPLEX I 2024 (23 decks)

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