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General med > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type I - Mechanism

A

Anaphylactic

antigen reacts with IgE ound to mast cells

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2
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type II - Mechanism

A

Cell bound

IgG or IgM binds tp antigen on cell surface

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3
Q

Immune complex

Hypersensitivity reaction type III - Mechanism

A

Free antigen adn antibody (IgG, IgA) combine

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4
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type IV - Mechanism

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

T-cell mediated

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5
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type I - Examples

A
  • anaphylaxis
  • atopy (asthma, exzema, heyfever)
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6
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type II - Examples

A
  • Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
  • ITP
  • Goodpasture’s syndrome
  • Pernicious anaemia
  • Acute haemolytic transfusion reactions
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Pemphigus vulgaris / bullous pemphigoid
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7
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type III - Examples

A
  • Serum sickness
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  • Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (especially acute phase)
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8
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type IV - Examples

A
  • Tuberculosis / tuberculin skin reaction
  • Graft versus host disease
  • Allergic contact dermatitis
  • Scabies
  • Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (especially chronic phase)
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome
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9
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type V - Examples

A

Grave’s disease
Myasthenia gravis

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10
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction type V - mechanism

A

antibodies recognise and bind to the cell surface receptors (stimuating/blocking ligand binding)

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11
Q

classic presentation of infectious mononucleosis

A

sore throat
pyrexia
lymphadenopathy (ant and post triangles)

Maculopapular, pruritic rash after amoxicillin use

Other: hepatitis, transient rise in aLT; splenomegally; palatal petechia

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12
Q

diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis

A

heterophil antibody test (monospot test) in second week of illness

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13
Q

Exampels of live attenuated vaccines

A

measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
BCG
influenza (intranasal)
oral rotavirus
oral polio
yellow fever
oral typhoid

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14
Q

How does a skin prick test for allergy work

A
  • cheap and easy = most common
  • many allergies - incl food and pollen
  • incl histamine (positive) and sterile water (negative) control
  • wheel develops if allergy present
  • interpreted in 15mins
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15
Q

Radioallergosorbenst test (RAST) uses

A
  • determines amount of IgE reacting with suspected/known allergens
  • results in grade 0 (negative) - 6 (strongly positive)
  • food, inahled (pollen) and wasp/bee venom
  • blood test done when skin prick not suitable (extensive eczema/takign antihistamines OR hx of anaphylaxis)
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16
Q

skin patch testing for allergy uses

A

for contact dermatitis
patches with 30-40 allergens is applied for 48hrs - resutls read by dermatologists after another 48hrs

17
Q

examples of inactivated preparations for vaccines

A
  • rabies
  • hepatitis A
  • influenza (IM)
18
Q

define live attenuated vaccines

A

weakened form of pathogen
CI: individuals with compromised immune systems

19
Q

Define inactivated preparations of vaccines

A

pathogens have been killed
may require boosters to maintain immunity (weaker induced immune response compared with live attenuated)

20
Q

Define toxoid vaccines

A

toxins made by bacteria are rendered harmless (detoxified) and used as antigens

require boosters

21
Q

examples of toxoid vaccines

A
  • tetanus
  • diphtheria
  • pertussis
22
Q

Definte subunit or conjugate vaccines

A

subunit = part of pathogen used
conjugated = links the poorly immunogentic bacterial polysaccharide outer coats to proteins to make them more ommunogenic

23
Q
A
24
Q

Define messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines

A
  • piece of mRNA into cells to produce a protein to trigger an immune response
25
Q

example of mRNA vaccine

A
  • some COVID-19 vaccines
26
Q

define viral vector vaccines

A

use harmless virus (different from target pathogen) to deliver cirtical parts of target pathogens
can be produced more rapidly in response to emerging threats

27
Q

Viral vector vaccine examples

A
  • some Ebola vaccines
  • some COVID-19 vaccines
28
Q

Common autosomal dominant bleeding disorder

A

Von Willibrand’s disease

29
Q

Coag tests findings in Von Willebrand’s disease

A
  • prolonged PT
  • prolonged APTT - acts as a carrier molecule for favtor VII
  • platelets normal - vWF required to promote platelet adhesion but platelets themselves not affected
    +/- mild reduction in factor VII

General med (14 decks)

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