Immunology

Question 1

Contrast primary and secondary immune response

Answer 1

Lower conc of antibodies vs higher
No memory cells vs memory cells
Slower rate of antibody production vs faster rate
Symptoms vs no symptoms
Larger time tag between exposure and antibody production vs shorter time lag

Question 2

Antigen variability

Answer 2

Random mutation changes dna base sequence
Different sequence of codons
Diff primary structure - bonds diff places
Diff shape antigen

Question 3

How antigen variability effect disease

Answer 3

Memory cells no longer comp can catch again
Many variety of path = diff to develop vaccine

Question 4

Contrast passive and active immunity

Answer 4

No memory cells vs memory cells
Immediate vs lag
Antibody external source vs lymphocytes produce
No direct contact with antigen necessary vs is

Question 5

Vaccine

Answer 5

Vaccine contains dead form of pathogen/antigen
Triggers primary immune response
Memory cells produced remain in blood
Secondary response = rapid
Pathogen destroyed no symptoms

Question 6

Why antibiotic ineffective against viruses

Answer 6

Antibiotics work by damaging murine cell walls but virus doesn’t have cell wall
Virus rep inside host cell diff to destroy without damage to normal heathy body cells

Question 7

Hiv = aids

Answer 7

Attachment proteins bind to comp t helper cell receptors
Hiv replicate inside T cells damage them
Aids develops due to few t helper cells for immune system to function
Cannot destroy pathogens suffer secondary infection

Question 8

Elisa test

Answer 8

1. Monoclonal antibodies bind bottom of test plate
2. Antigen molecules in sample bind to antibodies
3. Rinse excess
4. Antibody with enzyme attached bunds to antigens that are fixed on monoclonal antibody
5. Rinse
6. Add substrate for enzyme = colour change is possitive