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FOM Quiz 5 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and what is their function? Are they part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

They are pattern recgonition receptors that recognize pattern-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs); innate immune system

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2
Q

Which subdivision of the immune system is germline encoded?

A

innate immune system

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3
Q

Which cell of lymphoid origin is considered part of the innate immune system?

A

Natural Killer cells

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4
Q

Which subdivision of the immune system achieves variation through VDJ recombination during lymphocyte development?

A

adaptive immune system

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5
Q

What is the initial role of complement in the immune response?

A

some complement fragments coat bacteria, and others induce vasodilation

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6
Q

What are the three main roles of complement?

A

opsonization (leading to phagocytosis), vasodilation, lysis (by recruiting bacteriolytic complement proteins)

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7
Q

which innate immune cells possess the key effector function of phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages

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8
Q

which innate immune cells possess the key effector function of degranulation?

A

neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils

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9
Q

NK cells have enhanced specificity for what types of pathogens?

A

virus

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10
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in T cell activation?

A

DCs ingest foreign pathogens, migrate to draining lymph nodes, and activate T cells

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11
Q

An activated DC is also called a what?

A

Antigen presenting cell (APC)

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12
Q

What are the main role of T helper cells (Th)?

A

to secrete cytokines, activate B cells, and activate innate cells

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13
Q

What are the main effector functions of cytotixic T cells (CTL)?

A

secrete cytokines, kill infected cells

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14
Q

What is the difference in pathogen specificity between Th and CTL cells?

A

Th: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, anti-viral
CTL: anti-viral

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15
Q

What are the main effector functions of antibodies?

A

neutralize (prevent infections), activate complement, activate innate cells

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16
Q

Which two elements of the innate immune system allow immediate binding of pathogens?

A

complement, and PAMPs

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17
Q

Which cell types carry pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

All WBCs

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18
Q

What is the immediate result of PRR-mediated pattern recognition?

A

release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

19
Q

Which lymphoid organs are considered primary?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

20
Q

Where do developing T cells migrate to mature?

A

the thymus

21
Q

What is the main difference in antigen binding between B and T cells?

A

T cells can only recognize antigen presented by MHC; B cells can bind antigens in many forms

22
Q

MHC class I activates which type of T cell?

A

CD8+ T cells (CTL)

23
Q

MHC class II activates which type of T cell?

A

CD4+ T cells (Th)

24
Q

What are the 3 Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes associated with MHC class I?

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

25
Q

What types of cells present MHC class I?

A

All nucleated cells

26
Q

Which cell types present MHC class II?

A

Dendritic cells (DC), B cells, and macrophages

27
Q

What process occurs involving developing T cells in the thymus cortex?

A

Positive selection for T cell receptors (TCRs) that bind MHC (95%+ T cells destroyed at this stage)

28
Q

What process occurs involving thymocytes in the thymus medulla?

A

Negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes

29
Q

What is the immediate reaction of a macrophage to encountering a PAMP?

A

release cytokines

30
Q

In the spleen/lymph nodes, a primary follicle contains what type of cells?

A

naive B cells

31
Q

Where do the T cells reside in the lymph nodes?

A

the paracortex

32
Q

Where do the T cells reside in the spleen?

A

the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

33
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

rapid growth of a cell type, usually as a triggered response

34
Q

What is the first signal required for T cell activation by DC?

A

TCR + pMHC +co-receptor (CD4 or CD8) +CD3

35
Q

What is the second signal required for T cell activation by DC?

A

costimulation (B7:CD28)

36
Q

By what cytokine do Th1 cells enhance the activity of macrophages?

A

interferon gamma

37
Q

Antigen-mediated activation of B cells induces what type of antibody response?

A

IgM

38
Q

The germinal center (spleen/lymph nodes) forms as a result of what interaction with naive B cells?

A

Th cells

39
Q

What cells are responsible for releasing antibodies?

A

plasma cells (further differentiation of activated B cells)

40
Q

What type of antibodies can activate complement?

A

IgM, IgG

41
Q

What type of antibody is responsible for activating mast cells?

A

IgE

42
Q

Where do B cells develop and mature?

A

Bone marrow

43
Q

Which region of the antibody determines the immunoglobulin isotype?

A

the constant region

FOM Quiz 5 (8 decks)

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