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FOM Quiz 5 > Embryology of Sexual Development > Flashcards

Embryology of Sexual Development Flashcards

1
Q

What does the bipotential gonad arise from?

A

the genital ridge

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2
Q

What role do the primordial germ cells (PGCs) have in the development of the gonadal ridge?

A

Wks 4-6: They migrate along hindgut into the genital ridges and exert inductive effect on ovary/testis

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3
Q

epithelial cells penetrate the mesenchyme to form what?

A

primary sex cords

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4
Q

What 3 hormones induce male internal genitalia development?

A

testosterone, AMH, Insl3

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5
Q

What embryological structure forms the efferent ducts of the testes?

A

the Mesonephric tubules

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6
Q

What embryological structure forms the epididymas, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct?

A

the Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

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7
Q

What embryological structure forms the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina?

A

the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

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8
Q

What two hormones determine male or female external genitalia development?

A

testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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9
Q

When does external genitalia differentiate into male/female?

A

10-12 weeks

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10
Q

what does the genital tubercle give rise to in both sexes?

A

Male -> glans penis
Female -> glans clitoris

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11
Q

what do the urethral folds give rise to in both sexes?

A

Male -> penile urethra
Female -> labia minora

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12
Q

what do the labioscrotal swellings give rise to in both sexes?

A

Male -> scrotum
Female -> labia majora

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13
Q

the SRY gene gives rise to what initial male cell type?

A

Sertoli cells

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14
Q

What does testosterone induce differentiation of in fetal life?

A

epididymas, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the 5-alpha reductase enzyme?

A

Convert testosterone to DHT

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16
Q

What cell produces AMH?

A

Sertoli cells

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17
Q

What is the function of DHT in fetal life?

A

To induce differentiation of penis and scrotum, as well as prostate budding from urethra

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18
Q

What is the relationship between the SRY and Sox9 gene?

A

SRY upregulates Sox9

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19
Q

What is the primary function of the Sox9 gene?

A

To suppress ovary development and induce Sertoli cell formation

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20
Q

What components form the medullary sex cords?

A

Wk 6: Sertoli cells, germ cells, and myoepithelial precursor cells

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21
Q

What do the outer medullary sex cords give rise to?

A

the seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

In what week does the tunica albunginea form?

A

Week 7

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23
Q

When do the medullary sex cords re-canalize?

A

During puberty

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24
Q

What are the main functions of Sertoli cells?

A

Secrete AMH, organize testis, and act as a critical component of the blood-testis barrier

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25
Q

What induces the degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

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26
Q

What gives rise to the rete testis and efferent ductules?

A

Portions of the mesonephric tubules

27
Q

Which two male reproductive glands require DHT to develop?

A

The prostate and bulbourethral glands

28
Q

What condition is the result of improper urethral fold fusion?

A

Hypospadias or Epispadias

29
Q

What is Hypospadias?

A

Instead of at the tip, the meatus is found any place along the ventral side of the penis

30
Q

What is Epispadias? What other malformation is commonly seen in conjuction with Epispadias?

A

The urethral orifice is found on the dorsal side of the penis; often seen with bladder exstrophy

31
Q

The CFTR gene is necessary for the development of which duct?

A

the ductus deferens

32
Q

What structure do the prostate and bulbourethral glands develop from?

A

the urethra

33
Q

What is the role of the gubernaculum in the descent of the testis?

A

the gubernaculum anchors to the inferior pole of the scrotal swelling, and shortens to pull the testis to the level of the inguinal rings

34
Q

What hormone is especially important in the gubernaculum’s role in transabdominal testis descent?

A

Insulin-like factor 3 (Insl3)

35
Q

Which cell type produces Insl3?

A

Leydig cells

36
Q

When does the development of the inguinal canals begin?

A

About 12 weeks

37
Q

What role does the vaginal process have in development of the inguinal canals?

A

The vaginal process acts as a hydraulic force to assist in testis descent

38
Q

When does the descent of the testis into the scrotum occur

A

7 months (28-30 weeks)

39
Q

Which nerve mediates shortening of the gubernalulum during testicular descent into the scrotum? What peptide is involved?

A

the Genitofemoral nerve, via the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)

40
Q

What is Cryptochidism? How is it treated?

A

the failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum; it can be treated with HGH, IGF1, IGF3

41
Q

In males, which part of the vaginal process disintigrates? What is the remaining structure called?

A

the proximal end; the vaginal tunic

42
Q

If remnants of the vaginal tunic remains, what condition may result?

A

a fluid-filled cyst called a Hydrocele

43
Q

What is the different between the two types of Hydrocele?

A

A non-communication hydrocele has no patent connection with the abdomen

44
Q

If the proximal end of the vaginal process does not disintegrate, what may result?

A

an indirect Inguinal hernia

45
Q

In absence of the SRY gene, support cells differentiate into?

A

Follicle precursor cells

46
Q

primary oocytes are arrested in which phase of meiosis?

A

Prophase I

47
Q

What happens to the Paramesonephric ducts in the absence of AMH?

A

Paramesonephric ducts between oviductus and uterus

48
Q

What happens to the mesonephric duct in the absence of testosterone?

A

the Mesonephric duct regresses

49
Q

What are the roles of Dax1 and Wnt4 in gonadal differentiation?

A

Dax1 and Wnt4 exhibit anti-testis activities

50
Q

What is the effect of HoxA on the menstrual cycle?

A

the menstrual cycle will not occur without HoxA

51
Q

What is the loss of HoxA10 associated with?

A

endometriosis

52
Q

What are mutation in HoxA13 associated with?

A

vaginal duplication

53
Q

In female anatomy, what two structures represent remnants of the gubernaculum?

A

the round ligament (of the uterus) and the ovarian ligament

54
Q

Incomplete fusion of caudal end of paramesonephric ducts results in what?

A

Didelphys (two uteruses)

55
Q

A proximal fusion defect in the paramesonephric ducts results in what malformation?

A

Bicornuate uterus (one cervix, but two uterus with two separate chambers)

56
Q

Failred regression during paramesonephric duct fusion results in what uterine defect?

A

A septate uterus

57
Q

the upper vagina is formed from what embryological structure?

A

the paramesonephric ducts

58
Q

From what embryological structure is the lower vagina formed?

A

the uterovaginal plate

59
Q

When does the canalization of the uterovaginal plate occur?

A

11-20 weeks

60
Q

What are the symptoms of an imperforate hymen?

A

vaginal obstruction, primary amenorrhea and cyclic abdominal pain

61
Q

How early does external gonadal differentiation begin to occur in a fetus?

A

About 12 weeks

62
Q

Which gene is responsible for testis-determing factor?

A

SRY gene

63
Q

What concurrent condition is often found in males with hypospadias?

A

cryptorchidism

FOM Quiz 5 (8 decks)

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