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Animal Body 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are two roles of the immune system?

A

Prevent/eliminate infection & prevent/alleviate disease

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2
Q

What are three intracellular changes following the recognition of a pathogen by a cell surface receptor

A

Cytokine secretion, phagocytosis/endocytosis and induction of migration

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3
Q

What do immuno-diagnostic assays evaluate

A

Presence of innate immune system populations, antibodies, T cell activity and autoantibodies

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4
Q

Name four non-specific protective mechanisms

A

Physical barriers, humoral factors, factors which regulate species specificity and cellular mechanisms

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5
Q

Describe the location and function of lysozyme

A

It is found in the saliva, tears, milk and mucus
It acts on peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls and exposes them to immune cells

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6
Q

Describe the location and function of lactoferrin

A

It is found in milk
It is an iron chelator - it keeps iron away from bacteria that need it to grow

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7
Q

Describe the location and function of B-defensins

A

It is found in mucosal tissues in the gut
They insert themselves into microbial membranes to make holes in them

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8
Q

Name the cell: Key in inflammation, accumulate at sites of infection then die, segmented nuclei, major function is phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

Name the cell: Key in response to parasites, central to damaging inflammation during allergic reactions, stain pink with eosin, increase in numbers during allergic reactions, direct killing

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

Name the cell: Dark cytoplasm with granules, rare in blood, seen during allergic reactions, release cytokines/histamine that induces further immune response

A

Basophils

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11
Q

Name the cell: Long-lived tissue resident cells, important in parasitic and allergic reactions, release a wide variety of inflammatory mediators

A

Mast cells

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12
Q

Name the cell: Blood borne, kidney shaped nuclei, circulate through tissues where they may differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

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13
Q

Name the cell: Present in blood/lymphoid tissues, cytoplasm is full of cytotoxic compounds, release cytokines and influence the adaptive immune response

A

Natural killer cells

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14
Q

TLR4 recognizes…

A

LPS

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15
Q

TLR5 recognizes…

A

Flagellin

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16
Q

TLR3 recognizes…

A

dsDNA

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17
Q

TLR9 recognizes…

A

Bacterial DNA motifs

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18
Q

Complement is largely part of the __ immune response

A

Innate

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19
Q

What type of enzymes are complement components

A

Serine proteases

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20
Q

Does the complement system have any specificity?

A

No

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21
Q

What triggers the classical complement pathway

A

Antibodies bound to antigens

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22
Q

What triggers the alternative complement pathway

A

Microbes (their surfaces or products)

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23
Q

What needs to happen in order for antibodies to trigger the classical complement pathway

A

At least 2/6 heads of C1 must bind to antibodies bound to antigens

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24
Q

What complement proteins form C3 convertase

A

C4b and C2a

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25
Q

What stops the alternative complement pathway from destroying host cells?

A

If C3b binds to a host cell surface, factor H and I will recognize it + the sialic acid present on the host cell and inactivate/degrade the C3b

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26
Q

Which complement components form the MAC complex

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9

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27
Q

What are 4 outcomes of the complement system? (bonus: what causes these to happen)

A

Opsonization (C3b), inflammation (C3a & C5b), clearance of immune complexes (C3b) and killing of pathogens (MAC)

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28
Q

What do T cells recognize

A

Antigens bound to MHC

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29
Q

What do B cells recognize

A

Linear and 3D antigen structures

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30
Q

How do T and B cells in an immune response regulate the specificity of their receptors

A

Mutating parts of the T and B cell receptors for recognizing antigens

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31
Q

What are the two types of tolerance involved in the lack of self recognition?

A

Central (during maturation) and peripheral (during infection)

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32
Q

What is the part of an antigen that stimulates an immune response

A

An antigenic epitope

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33
Q

What is a discontinuous epitope

A

An epitope with non-adjacent amino acids that only come together when the protein is folded

34
Q

T cells recognize __ epitopes

A

Continuous

35
Q

B cells recognize __ epitopes

A

Discontinuous

36
Q

Which cells express MHCII

A

Macrophages, DCs and sometimes B cells

37
Q

What is the main function of MHCI molecules vs MHCII

A

MHCI - antiviral immunity
MHCII - induction & regulation of immune response

38
Q

How are MHCs specific for which antigenic peptides the bind to/present

A

It relates to the covalent binding of amino acids in the peptide with those in the antigen binding groove in the MHC molecule

39
Q

MHCI molecules present __ antigens

A

Intracellular

40
Q

What needs to happen to an antigen before it can be recognized by a T cell receptor (MHC)

A

It needs to be digested into peptides

41
Q

Which immunoglobulin domain is involved in antibody function?

A

The constant (C) domain

42
Q

What determines antigen specificity in B and T cell receptors

A

The variable domain

43
Q

Where does recombination of the variable domain occur

A

In the bone marrow

44
Q

Where does class switching take place

A

Secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, peyers patches etc)

45
Q

When and why does class switching occur?

A

It occurs during the adaptive immune response because of cytokine signaling from Th cells

46
Q

Where does rearrangement of the TCR variable region occur?

A

In the thymus

47
Q

What are two co-receptors of BCRs

A

Ig-alpha, Ig-beta

48
Q

What are two co-receptors of TCRs

A

CD3 complex and CD4/CD8

49
Q

What is the function of co-receptors for B cells

A

They bind complement fragments that have bound to pathogens and amplifies the signal delivered to the B cell

50
Q

What is the function of co-receptors for T cells

A

They stabilize MHC-TCR interactions to maximize binding

51
Q

What happens to the gene segments during class switching

A

C regions are excised from the B cell genome

52
Q

What do all T cells express

A

CD3

53
Q

Where does T cell maturation take place

A

The thymus

54
Q

What two signals are required for T cell activation

A
  1. antigen recognition
  2. costimulation (CD28 on the T cell with CD80 or CD86 on the APC)
55
Q

What cytokine is known as T cell growth factor

A

IL-2

56
Q

What T cell population drives the adaptive immune response

A

Effector T cells

57
Q

How do T cells prevent self-recognition

A

They need the second signal (costimulation) from the APC or else they will die

58
Q

What is the role of CD8 and CD4 in receptor interaction/binding

A

It increases the avidity of the interaction (binding strength)

59
Q

What response do Th1 cells participate in

A

Inflammation response to bacteria and intracellular parasites

60
Q

What response to Th2 cells participate in

A

B cell help for antibody production and responses to extracellular parasites

61
Q

What mediates the type of Th response induced

A

The type of cytokine that is produced

62
Q

What region of the antibody determines its biological functions/class

A

Fc region

63
Q

Which is the largest antibody and what is its shape

A

IgM, pentamer

64
Q

Which antibody is responsible for tagging for opsonization

A

IgG

65
Q

Which antibody is primarily responsible for mast cell degranulation

A

IgE

66
Q

What is a major secretory immunoglobin in ruminants

A

IgG1

67
Q

What makes sIgA specially adapted for mucosal surfaces

A

The secretory component (a poly Ig receptor)

68
Q

What does a B cell need to be correctly activated

A

An APC with the antigen and T cell help

69
Q

What is affinity maturation

A

As the B cell divides after it is activated, mutations occur in the Ig genes at a high rate which can lead to increased affinity binding of antigen

70
Q

What happens to B cells after affinity maturation

A

They will either go to the bone marrow to be plasma cells or stay in the tissues as memory cells

71
Q

What is a passive vaccine

A

Injection with an antibody to neutralise toxins
No host immunity develops and no memory is generated

72
Q

What is an active vaccine

A

It generates an active immune response to protect the host from subsequent infection

73
Q

What is 1 adv and 1 disadv of killed/inactivated vaccines

A

adv - safe and cheap
disadv - does not induce CTL immunity (only antibodies)

74
Q

What is 1 adv and 1 disadv of subunit vaccines

A

Adv - immunogenic
disadv - does not induce strong T cell immunity or memory

75
Q

Which vaccine types require the use of adjuvants

A

Killed and subunit

76
Q

Name 3 ways adjuvants increase the immune response

A
  1. keep antigen at the site of entry
  2. deliver antigen to APCs
  3. act on PRRs to increase immune response
77
Q

What is 1 adv and 1 disadv of live attenuated vaccines

A

adv - generate optimal immune mechanisms
disadv - can be expensive to develop

78
Q

Describe herd immunity

A

The more people vaccinated, the more protected unvaccinated people are

79
Q

What is the formula for the proportion of a population that must be vaccinated to prevent disease

A

1 - 1/R0

80
Q

If R0 is less than 1…

A

There will be little or no transmission and number of infections will decrease

81
Q

What is indicative of an infection when looking at blood cell counts

A

Increased numbers of neutrophils

82
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies

A

Primary is typically genetic and secondary is acquired

Animal Body 2 (6 decks)

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