Cell Pathology Flashcards
Define hypoxia
Partial reduction in oxygen supply to cells so they don’t have enough to carry out normal function
List 5 potential causes of cellular injury
Nutritional, genetic, immunologic, physical, chemical
What are 3 outcomes of cellular injury
Adapt, become damaged, or die
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells (physiological or pathological)
What are the 2 types of hyperplasia
Diffuse or nodular (common)
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ (physiological or pathological)
Metaplasia (and example)
One adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type, usually reversible but can be a precursor of neoplasia
ex. squamous metaplasia
Dysplasia
Altered size, shape or organization of a tissue, is reversible and can be a precursor of neoplasia
Atrophy
Shrinkage in the size of a cell by loss of cell substance
What are 4 things that can cause cell atrophy
Disuse, Denervation, Inadequate nutrition and reduced blood supply
Describe the consequence of cellular damage in terms of cellular swelling
Cellular swelling (resulting from hypoxia) happens because there are reduced ATP levels, so the cell switches to anaerobic metabolism and an there’s an accumulation of lactate, all while Na/K pumps stop working and water moves into the cell
What are the 2 forms of cell death
Necrosis and apoptosis
Coagulative necrosis
Basic cell outline are preserved due to delayed proteolysis
Caseous necrosis
Friable “cheese” appearance, chronic lesions
Liquefactive necrosis
Cavity/cavities filled with liquefied debris
