Immunology

Question 1

Pathogen

Answer 1

Harmful organisms that can cause diseases.

Question 2

Antigen

Answer 2

Anything that triggers immune system. It is found on the surface of a pathogen.

Question 3

Vaccine

Answer 3

We are exposed to a non-toxic antigen by vaccine. Then our body responds with mounting antigen. When a real pathogen with that antigen invades our body we mount an immune response to kill the invaders.

Question 4

Antigen presentation

Answer 4

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Question 5

T cell types

Answer 5

Helper Tcell, cytokysin …

Question 6

Name the types of immunity in our body

Answer 6

Innate immunity and Acquired immunity

Question 7

Define innate immunity

Answer 7

We are born with this immunity.

Question 8

Define immunity

Answer 8

Our body’s defense mechanism against “invaders”, mostly foreign cells or viruses.

Question 9

Define innate immunity

Answer 9

innate(ذاتی) immunity is nonspecific. It is the defense mechanism that we were born with. It can protect us against all antigens.

Question 10

Define acquired immunity

Answer 10

A type of immunity that develops (in a targeted way ) when a person’s immune system responds to a foreign substance or receives antibodies from another source.

Question 11

Name the two types of adaptive immune response:

Answer 11

antibody-mediated immunity(Humaroal) and cell-mediated immunity

Question 12

Define humoral antibody

Answer 12

Humoral immunity is an antibody-mediated response that occurs when foreign material(antigens) are detected in the body and it is antibody-mediated response. It it is driven by B-cell lymphocytes. It involves antigen presenting cell(macrophage), MHC protein which represents the antigen bit on the surface of macrophage, Tcell that matches the antigen binds and is activated to divide and divide.

Question 13

Name the elements of activation phase of humoral response:

Answer 13

Antigen presenting cell(example: macrophage)
MHC protein that presents antigen bits on the surface of the macrophage
Helper Tcell that matches the antigen (this activates the Tcell to divide and divide and divide)

Question 14

Explain the effector phase of humoral response:

Answer 14

B cell that has specific antibody attaches binds to the antigen. B cell takes in the antigen chops it and presents in on its surface by MHC protein. Helper Tcell that has seen this antigen binds to the B cell and activates it to divide and divide. It makes plasma cells (to make antibodies) and memory cells.

Question 15

Define MHC protein

Answer 15

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Question 16

Define TCR( T cell receptor)

Answer 16

T cell receptors are made of two chains. One variable and one constant (similar to antibodies). When it is bound to antigen it is activates Tcell and divides.

Question 17

What is the similarities and differences between between Tcell receptor and antibody

Answer 17

Similarities: They are both formed of two chains one variable and one constant. Their variable region binds to specific antigen. When it does it activates the T cell and commands T cell to divide.
Differences: T cell receptor is a key protein that is on the T cell surface. Antibody is the protein that sits on the surface of B cells.

Question 18

Name the two types of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

Answer 18

MHC1 presents antigen to cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes( cell -mediated immune response)
MHC2 presents antigen to helper T cell lymphocytes (Involved in antibody-mediated immune response)

Question 19

Explain the differences between cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell

Answer 19

Helper T cell is involved in anti-body mediated immune response. It is high in CD4 expression.

Cytotoxic T cell is involved in cell mediated immune response. Both are from lymphocyte progenitor. It is high in CD8 expression.

Question 20

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte

Answer 20

A type of immune cell that has moved from the blood into a tumor. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can recognize and kill cancer cells.

Question 21

T-cell transfer therapy

Answer 21

collecting your own immune cells, growing large numbers of these cells in the lab, and then giving the cells back to you through a needle in your vein. T-cell transfer therapy is also called adoptive cell therapy, adoptive immunotherapy, and immune cell therapy. Example: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (or TIL) therapy and CAR T-cell therapy