Immunology 11. Vaccines Flashcards
2 big ideas about herd immunity?
2 big ideas about herd immunity?
1) Herd immunity: immunize enough people, can prevent transmission across population. Even unvaccinated individuals can be protected
2) Critical level of immunity:
Need to maintain a critical level of vaccination above the threshold level.
Immunize enough + maintain that number
2 types of adjuvants?
2 types of adjuvants?
Mineral salts (e.g aluminum salt)
Emulsions
Do we give vaccines via IV?
Do we give vaccines via IV?
Nope, because it is cleared too quickly and results in very weak immune response
Examples of live attenuated vaccines?
Examples of live attenuated vaccines?
BCG, MMR, polio
Examples of toxoid vaccine?
Examples of toxoid vaccine?
Tetanus and Diphtheria
For what type of vaccines do we need adjuvants?
For what type of vaccines do we need adjuvants?
Purified components (due to lack of PAMP)
In practical sense, adjuvants also allow antigen sparing and dose sparing :)
Herd Immunity Threshold for measles and smallpox?
Herd Immunity Threshold for measles and smallpox?
Measles: 93-95%
Smallpox: 80-85%
In vaccination, is disease = infection?
[…]
In vaccination, is disease = infection?
No!!
Using polio vaccine as an example,
Disease = paralysis disease due to systemic polio virus infection
Infection = infection of the gut due to localized gut polio virus infection
Mucosal and Subcutaneous Ig?
Mucosal and Subcutaneous Ig?
IgA and IgG respectively
The easier a virus spreads, the ___ the threshold for herd immunity and vice versa
The easier a virus spreads, the ___ the threshold for herd immunity and vice versa
Higher
Tutorial Card (Vaccination) (MEMORIZE!!!)
What are the strengths and benefits of
OPV (oral polio vaccine – Live attenuated virus):
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IPV (inactivated polio vaccine – Killed pathogen):
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**On the contrary, what are the limitations and risks of **
OPV (Live attenuated virus):
- Revert to virulence, may retain some pathogenicity
- Not safe enough for immunocompromised
- Hazard for healthcare workers handling them
- Requires good cold chain
IPV (Killed pathogen):
- Does not elicit mucosal immunity, cannot protect against infection
- Immune memory not as long lasting
- Requires adjuvants
- Harder to administer (requires trained personnel)
How does the immune response to natural poliovirus infection differ from the immune response to the Salk vaccine (inactivated virus, administered as an intramuscular injection)?
- Duration and quality of protection
- Mucosal immunity for OPV
Which of the two vaccines provides protection against poliovirus infection? Which protects against polio disease? Why is this so?
OPV provides both, IPV only against disease.
- OPV generate local mucosal/gut IgA, protecting against mucosal/gut infections
- But both generates systemic IgG, protecting against disease
- The point here is that if immunized with IPV, still can be infected (without disease) and be a carrier of the virus.
Tutorial Card (Vaccination) (MEMORIZE!!!)
What are the strengths and benefits of
OPV (oral polio vaccine – Live attenuated virus):
- Mimics natural infection, produce a large antigenic stimulus inducing T and B lymphocyte responses
- Provides long lasting protection
- Protects against both infection (of mucousa, IgA) and disease (IgG)
- Cheaper
- Easier to administer (no need trained personnel)
- Ingested live OPV vaccine can be passed out and transferred by feacal oral matter to other non-vaccinated individual (“fortunate” good side effect, “freebie” vaccine)(quite disturbing tbh…)
IPV (inactivated polio vaccine – Killed pathogen):
- Safer than live attenuated
- Can be combined with other vaccines (more convenient, less clinic visits)
**On the contrary, what are the limitations and risks of **
OPV (Live attenuated virus):
- Revert to virulence, may retain some pathogenicity
- Not safe enough for immunocompromised
- Hazard for healthcare workers handling them
- Requires good cold chain
IPV (Killed pathogen):
- Does not elicit mucosal immunity, cannot protect against infection
- **Immune memory not as long lasting **
- Requires adjuvants
- Harder to administer (requires trained personnel)
How does the immune response to natural poliovirus infection differ from the immune response to the Salk vaccine (inactivated virus, administered as an intramuscular injection)?
- Duration and quality of protection
- Mucosal immunity for OPV
*Which of the two vaccines provides protection against poliovirus infection? Which protects against polio disease? Why is this so? *
OPV provides both, IPV only against disease.
- OPV generate local mucosal/gut IgA, protecting against mucosal/gut infections
- But both generates systemic IgG, protecting against disease
- The point here is that if immunized with IPV, still can be infected (without disease) and be a carrier of the virus.
Sabin is OPV, Salk is IPV
Tutorial Card (Vaccination) (MEMORIZE!!!)
What are the strengths and benefits of
OPV (oral polio vaccine – Live attenuated virus):
- Mimics natural infection, produce a large antigenic stimulus inducing T and B lymphocyte responses
- Provides long lasting protection
- Protects against both infection (of mucousa, IgA) and disease (IgG)
- Cheaper
- Easier to administer (no need trained personnel)
- Ingested live OPV vaccine can be passed out and transferred by feacal oral matter to other non-vaccinated individual (“fortunate” good side effect, “freebie” vaccine)(quite disturbing tbh…)
IPV (inactivated polio vaccine – Killed pathogen):
- Safer than live attenuated
- Can be combined with other vaccines (more convenient, less clinic visits)
On the contrary, what are the limitations and risks of
OPV (Live attenuated virus):
- […]
- […]
- […]
- […]
IPV (Killed pathogen):
- […]
- […]
- […]
- […]
How does the immune response to natural poliovirus infection differ from the immune response to the Salk vaccine (inactivated virus, administered as an intramuscular injection)?
- Duration and quality of protection
- Mucosal immunity for OPV
Which of the two vaccines provides protection against poliovirus infection? Which protects against polio disease? Why is this so?
OPV provides both, IPV only against disease.
- OPV generate local mucosal/gut IgA, protecting against mucosal/gut infections
- But both generates systemic IgG, protecting against disease
- The point here is that if immunized with IPV, still can be infected (without disease) and be a carrier of the virus.
Tutorial Card (Vaccination) (MEMORIZE!!!)
What are the strengths and benefits of
OPV (oral polio vaccine – Live attenuated virus):
- Mimics natural infection, produce a large antigenic stimulus inducing T and B lymphocyte responses
- Provides long lasting protection
- Protects against both infection (of mucousa, IgA) and disease (IgG)
- Cheaper
- Easier to administer (no need trained personnel)
- Ingested live OPV vaccine can be passed out and transferred by feacal oral matter to other non-vaccinated individual (“fortunate” good side effect, “freebie” vaccine)(quite disturbing tbh…)
IPV (inactivated polio vaccine – Killed pathogen):
- Safer than live attenuated
- Can be combined with other vaccines (more convenient, less clinic visits)
On the contrary, what are the limitations and risks of
OPV (Live attenuated virus):
- Revert to virulence, may retain some pathogenicity
- Not safe enough for immunocompromised
- Hazard for healthcare workers handling them
- Requires good cold chain
IPV (Killed pathogen):
- Does not elicit mucosal immunity, cannot protect against infection
- **Immune memory not as long lasting **
- Requires adjuvants
- Harder to administer (requires trained personnel)
How does the immune response to natural poliovirus infection differ from the immune response to the Salk vaccine (inactivated virus, administered as an intramuscular injection)?
- Duration and quality of protection
- Mucosal immunity for OPV
*Which of the two vaccines provides protection against poliovirus infection? Which protects against polio disease? Why is this so? *
OPV provides both, IPV only against disease.
- OPV generate local mucosal/gut IgA, protecting against mucosal/gut infections
- But both generates systemic IgG, protecting against disease
- The point here is that if immunized with IPV, still can be infected (without disease) and be a carrier of the virus.
Sabin is OPV, Salk is IPV
Tutorial Card (Vaccination) (MEMORIZE!!!)
What are the strengths and benefits of
OPV (oral polio vaccine – Live attenuated virus):
- Mimics natural infection, produce a large antigenic stimulus inducing T and B lymphocyte responses
- Provides long lasting protection
- Protects against both infection (of mucousa, IgA) and disease (IgG)
- Cheaper
- Easier to administer (no need trained personnel)
- Ingested live OPV vaccine can be passed out and transferred by feacal oral matter to other non-vaccinated individual (“fortunate” good side effect, “freebie” vaccine)(quite disturbing tbh…)
IPV (inactivated polio vaccine – Killed pathogen):
- Safer than live attenuated
- Can be combined with other vaccines (more convenient, less clinic visits)
On the contrary, what are the limitations and risks of
OPV (Live attenuated virus):
- Revert to virulence, may retain some pathogenicity
- Not safe enough for immunocompromised
- Hazard for healthcare workers handling them
- Requires good cold chain
IPV (Killed pathogen):
- Does not elicit mucosal immunity, cannot protect against infection
- Immune memory not as long lasting
- Requires adjuvants
- Harder to administer (requires trained personnel)
How does the immune response to natural poliovirus infection differ from the immune response to the Salk vaccine (inactivated virus, administered as an intramuscular injection)?
- […]
- […]
Which of the two vaccines provides protection against poliovirus infection? Which protects against polio disease? Why is this so?
[…]
- […]
- […]
- […]
Tutorial Card (Vaccination) (MEMORIZE!!!)
What are the strengths and benefits of
OPV (oral polio vaccine – Live attenuated virus):
- Mimics natural infection, produce a large antigenic stimulus inducing T and B lymphocyte responses
- Provides long lasting protection
- Protects against both infection (of mucousa, IgA) and disease (IgG)
- Cheaper
- Easier to administer (no need trained personnel)
- Ingested live OPV vaccine can be passed out and transferred by feacal oral matter to other non-vaccinated individual (“fortunate” good side effect, “freebie” vaccine)(quite disturbing tbh…)
IPV (inactivated polio vaccine – Killed pathogen):
- Safer than live attenuated
- Can be combined with other vaccines (more convenient, less clinic visits)
On the contrary, what are the limitations and risks of
OPV (Live attenuated virus):
- Revert to virulence, may retain some pathogenicity
- Not safe enough for immunocompromised
- Hazard for healthcare workers handling them
- Requires good cold chain
IPV (Killed pathogen):
- Does not elicit mucosal immunity, cannot protect against infection
- Immune memory not as long lasting
- Requires adjuvants
- Harder to administer (requires trained personnel)
How does the immune response to natural poliovirus infection differ from the immune response to the Salk vaccine (inactivated virus, administered as an intramuscular injection)?
- Duration and quality of protection
- Mucosal immunity for OPV
Which of the two vaccines provides protection against poliovirus infection? Which protects against polio disease? Why is this so?
**OPV provides both, IPV only against disease. **
- OPV generate local mucosal/gut IgA, protecting against mucosal/gut infections
- But both generates systemic IgG, protecting against disease
- The point here is that if immunized with IPV, still can be infected (without disease) and be a carrier of the virus.
Sabin is OPV, Salk is IPV
What are the 4 phases of primary antibody response to antigen?
What are the 4 phases of primary antibody response to antigen?
Lag, log, plateau and decline
What are the different types of vaccines and their method of inactivation?
What are the different types of vaccines and their method of inactivation?
Method of inactivation came out in CA1 for my year lol (AY20/21)
Basically for live attenuated, u try to decrease the virulence of the pathogen. One way is by passing it through generations of mouse so that it adapts to be more virulent to mouse but less virulent to human. Another way is rational introduction of genetic changes to reduce virulence.
What are the limitations and potential risks of (IMPT!!!)
live attenuated vaccines?
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- […]
- […]
- […]
- […]
Killed pathogens?
- […]
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Purified components?
- […]
- […]
- […]
- […]
What are the limitations and potential risks of (IMPT!!!)
live attenuated vaccines?
- Possible reversion to virulence
- Hazard to personnel and environment
- Not safe for immunocompromised
- Need to ensure absence of contamination of cultures
-* Require refrigeration temperatures*
Killed pathogens?
- Adverse effects
- Need to ensure killing has been successful
Purified components?
- Need adjuvant/carrier
- Production and purification process are tedious
- Low yield
- Expensive
The general rule is that the “safer” a vaccine construct, the weaker it is at inducing the required protection. The converse is true as well. A riskier vaccine construct induces stronger protection.
What do all vaccines aim to exploit?
What do all vaccines aim to exploit?
Immune memory!!
What is immunology’s “dirty secret”?
[…]
What is immunology’s “dirty secret”?
Immune response is stronger if foreign protein is mixed with adjuvants lol
What is the Ig class after second exposure to Ag?
What is the Ig class after second exposure to Ag?
IgM dominated (1st exposure) -> IgG and IgA(mucosal) dominated
This is called “isotype switching”
Why do we need adjuvants?
Why do we need adjuvants?
stimulate the innate immune system and augment the antigen-specific response against vaccine with which they are mixed.
For understanding:
Mobilization of innate immune response is vital to elicit a strong adaptive immune response. An innate immune response requires a combination of foreign (stranger) and damage (danger) signals.
Individual pathogen-derived proteins/polysaccharides engender **foreign signal but NO damage signals. **
So what you do? “YOU SPIKE IT FOR THE DANGER SIGNALS” - HH 2020
