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HH M2 CA1 Immunology > Immunology 05. Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Immunology 05. Hypersensitivity Flashcards

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19
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2 ways antibodies can cause tissue injury and disease (Type II & Type III HS):?

A

2 ways antibodies can cause tissue injury and disease (Type II & Type III HS):?

A: binding directly to their target antigens on the surface of the cells and in the EC matrix –> complement and fc receptor mediated recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells –> tissue injury (HS2)

B: forming immune complexes that deposit mainly in the blood vessels complement and fc receptor mediated recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells –> local vasculitis (HS3)

20
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2nd exposure to allergen in type 1 HS, what happens?

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2nd exposure to allergen in type 1 HS, what happens?

Fc region of bound IgE cross links and activates mast cells –> Mast cell degranulation –> secrete mediators: Histamine, protease, lipid mediators (prostaglandin, leukotrienes), cytokines, chemokines

21
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3 mechanisms of Type II/III HS

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3 mechanisms of Type II/III HS
Basically antibody can bind to

1) Fc receptor of neutrophil, activating it –> complement and fc receptor-mediated inflammation & tissue injury

2) Fc receptor of macrophages –> phagocytosis

3) physiological normal receptors –> disease (graves disease, myasthenia gravis)

22
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3 steps of Type 1 HS reaction?

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3 steps of Type 1 HS reaction?

1) Sensitization
2) Activation of Mast cells and secretion of mediators
3) Late-phase reaction (inflammation)

23
Q

3 therapies for Type IV HS?

A

3 therapies for Type IV HS?

Corticosteroids (always)
TNF alpha antagonists
Anti-B7, Anti-IL1/IL6/IL17, anti-cytokine

NSAIDS
Immunosuppresants (sirolimus, cyclosporin A, infliximab, etc)

24
Q

4 stages of systemic anaphylaxis and anaphylatic shock

A

4 stages of systemic anaphylaxis and anaphylatic shock

I = generalized urticaria
II = swelling away from sting, incontinence
III = difficulty breathing
IV = loss of consciousness, fall in BP

25
Q

4 types of Hypersensitivity and their mediators? (IMPT!!!)

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4 types of Hypersensitivity and their mediators? (IMPT!!!)

I. Allergic** Anaphylaxis and Atopy (IgE)
II. AntiBody (IgM, IgG)
III. Immune Complex
Iv. D**elayed

26
Q

5 effects of mast cell degranulation? (IMPT!!!)

A

5 effects of mast cell degranulation? (IMPT!!!)

  • Vasodilation (histamine,prostaglandin)
  • Increased vascular permeability (histamine)
  • Smooth muscle contraction (leukotrienes, PAF) (bronchioconstriction)
  • Tissue damage (proteases)
  • Inflammation
27
Q

An allergen is a?

A

An allergen is a?
Antigenic molecule that can elicit an allergic response

28
Q

An atopic person refers to?

A

An atopic person refers to?
Individuals with a propensity to develop Type 1 HS reactions

I. Allergic Anaphylaxis and Atopy (IgE)
II. AntiBody (IgM, IgG)
III. Immune Complex
Iv. Delayed

29
Q

Anaphylatic drug/serum allergen examples?

A

Anaphylatic drug/serum allergen examples?

Drug: penicillin

Serum: insect venom

30
Q

Contact dermatitis is which type of HS and mediated by which immune reactant?

A

Contact dermatitis is which type of HS and mediated by which immune reactant?
Type IV, mediated by TH1 cells

same type as tuberculin skin test

31
Q

delayed inflammatory reaction in Type 1 HS are due to which 2 reasons?

A

delayed inflammatory reaction in Type 1 HS are due to which 2 reasons?

1) Continuous synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators by mast cells
2) Recruitment of immune cells including: eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils and Th2 cells

Takes time to recruit bro

32
Q

Example of Type II and III HS?

A

Example of Type II and III HS?

II: Rh pregnancy
III: Arthus reaction (local vasculitis), SLE, RA, serum sickness

33
Q

How do antibodies and immune complexes cause tissue injury and disease (For type II & III HS)

A

How do antibodies and immune complexes cause tissue injury and disease (For type II & III HS)

activates cytotoxic and inflammatory effector function

includes
- complement activation + neutrophils activation
- opsonization and phagocytosis via Fc Receptor

34
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IgE and mast cells are primarily localized where?

A

IgE and mast cells are primarily localized where?
IgE: Tissues

Mast cells: all connective tissues and are located adjacent to blood vessels

IgE and mast cells actually bind to each other

35
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Immediate Hypersensitivity reaction is known as?

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Immediate Hypersensitivity reaction is known as?

Type I hypersensitivity or IgE-mediated allergy

36
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Late phase reaction (stage 3 ) of Type 1 HS involves?

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Late phase reaction (stage 3 ) of Type 1 HS involves?
Recruitment of leukocytes—-> inflammation

37
Q

Therapy for Anaphylaxis, Bronchial Asthma and typical allergies? (Just list a few will do)

A

Therapy for Anaphylaxis, Bronchial Asthma and typical allergies? (Just list a few will do)

Anaphylaxis whack epipen. Antihistamine not fast enough for anaphylaxis.

Asthma whack corticosterids/leukotriene antagonists

Allergy whack antihistamines/cromolyn

38
Q

Type 2 and Type 3 HS?

A
39
Q

Urticaria means what?

A

Urticaria means what?

Hives

“Urticaria, also known as hives, is an outbreak of swollen, pale red bumps or plaques (wheals) on the skin that appear suddenly – either as a result of the body’s reaction to certain allergens, or for unknown reasons. Hives usually cause itching, but may also burn or sting”

40
Q

What are some therapy options for ab-mediated diseases?

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A

What are some therapy options for ab-mediated diseases?

  • corticosteroids (first line)
  • plasmapheresis
  • Intravenous IgG
  • Anti-CD20
  • Anti-CD40/CD40L
  • NSAIDs
  • Immunosuppresants
41
Q

What are the biological mediators stored and released from mast cell granules? (IMPT!!!)

A

What are the biological mediators stored and released from mast cell granules? (IMPT!!!)

1) Histamine
2) Protease: tryptase and chymase
3) lipid mediators: prostaglandin, leukotrienes
4) Cytokines and chemokines

HPLC!!

42
Q

What cells are activated in sensitization?

A

What cells are activated in sensitization?

Th2 and Tfh cells and the production of IgE antibody. They are tightly bound to surface of mast cells through high affinity IgE receptor FCER1

43
Q

What does cromolyn therapy do? (IMPT!!!)

A

What does cromolyn therapy do? (IMPT!!!)

Inhibits mast cell degranulation

“Cromolyn sodium acts by inhibiting the release of histamine and leukotrienes (SRS-A) from the mast cell. Studies show that cromolyn sodium indirectly blocks calcium ions from entering the mast cell, thereby preventing mediator release.”

44
Q

What does mast cell activation lead to? (IMPT!!!)

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A

What does mast cell activation lead to? (IMPT!!!)

  • Vasodilation (histamine,prostaglandin)
  • Increased vascular permeability (histamine)
  • Smooth muscle contraction (leukotrienes, PAF) (bronchioconstriction)
  • Tissue damage (proteases)
  • Inflammation
45
Q

What is Hypersensitivity?

A

What is Hypersensitivity?

An exaggerated or inappropriate immune response that is harmful to the host

46
Q

What is the full name of the high-affinity IgE receptors found on mast cells?

[…]

A

What is the full name of the high-affinity IgE receptors found on mast cells?

Fragment Crystalizable Epsilon Receptor 1 (FCER1)

came out for MEQ, 2 marks.

47
Q

Which type of Th cells causes IgE production? (IMPT!!!)

A

Which type of Th cells causes IgE production? (IMPT!!!)

TH2!!!

TH2 produces IL4 which promotes IgE isotype switching.

IL4 also promotes CD4+ differentiation into Th2

Just link Th2 to IL4 lol.

HH M2 CA1 Immunology (14 decks)

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