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PHYSL212 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A

Tissue repair, prevention of tumor growth, cleaning post-trauma, impact and regulate other systems.

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2
Q

What are the main categories of pathogens?

A

Virus, fungus, parasite, bacterium.

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3
Q

What is passive immune response?

A

Protection that is transferred between individuals. Short in duration. Examples: mother to newborn, antiserum for venom.

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4
Q

What is active immune response?

A

Body building own immune response to pathogen. Slower than passive but renewable as cells remember antigen.

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5
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

First line of defense from pathogens; present from birth. Fast and immediate and non-specific.

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6
Q

What is adaptive immunity? What are its divisions?

A

Slow, antigen specific attack of pathogen. Uses B and T lymphocytes. Retains memory of pathogen. Divisions are cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity.

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7
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that elicits an immune response.

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8
Q

Epitope

A

Part of an antigen recognized by the immune system.

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9
Q

Pathogen

A

Organism causing disease.

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10
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The process by which the pathogen induces illness.

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11
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drain excess interstitial fluid.
  2. Transport dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins.
  3. Carry out immune response.
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12
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus. Where the white blood cells divide, develop, and mature.

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13
Q

Where do B-cells mature?

A

Bone marrow and spleen

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14
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

Thymus

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15
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, Spleen. Blood and lymph supply where antigens are first encountered; network of fibers enhancing antigen presentation.

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16
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Supplies blood (production of blood), traps blood-borne antigens. No lymph present.

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17
Q

Is lymph present in the spleen?

A

No.

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18
Q

What are the barrier organs?

A

Skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract.

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19
Q

Where does the myeloid stem cell come from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow divide into either myeloids or lymphoids.

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20
Q

What can myeloid stem cells specialize into?

A

Platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages (monocytes).

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21
Q

What cab lymphoid stem cells specialize into?

A

Natural killer cells, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes (or plasma cells).

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22
Q

What are neutrophils? Where are they most abundant? When do they increase? How do they function?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte derived from myeloid stem cell.
Granulocyte.
Most abundant in blood, first responder.
Increases during bacterial/fungal infection and acute inflammation.
Uses phagocytosis.

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23
Q

What is a Eosinophil? When does it increase?

A

Granulocyte rich in IgE receptors. Produces cytokines/chemokines to recruit more WBC. Increases during parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

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24
Q

What are basophils? When do they increase?

A

Granulocyte increases during parasitic and allergic reactions. Releases toxic granules, rare in blood.

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25
What are Mast cells?
In skin and mucosal epithelium; contain granules that contain histamine in response to allergy pathogen. Cause inflammation.
26
Are Mast cells hypersensitive? Why is this an issue?
Yes. It causes allergic reactions.
27
What are the antigen presenting cells? Where are each present?
Monocytes (blood), macrophages (tissue) | Dendritic cells THE BEST.
28
What are the functions of dendritic cells?
Produce cytokines to initiate inflammation. | Antigen presenting cells (by phagocytosis)
29
What are natural killers? What immune response are they a part of?
Efficient granule containing cells. Part of innate immune response. Recognize infected or distressed cells and induce apoptosis or recruit macrophages. Have no immunologic memory.
30
How do natural killers distinguish cells?
Presence of MHC 1
31
What are T-cells? what are the T-cell subtypes?
Effector recognition cells part of the adaptive immune response. Helper T cell, Killer T-cell. Contain specific receptors and keep immunologic memory of pathogens.
32
What does the helper T-cell recognize?
MHC 2
33
What does the killer T-cell recognize?
MHC 1
34
What are B-cells? Function?
Part of adaptive immune response, activate to produce antibodies. Are able to recognize unprocessed antigens.
35
Are B-cells considered antigen presenting cells?
Yeah yeah yeah they are.
36
What are toll-like receptors?
Receptors on plasma membrane that contain pattern recognition receptors. Cause immune response.
37
What are the 5 innate response mechanisms?
Antimicrobial subsatnces, complement system, phagocytosis, inflammation, NK cells.
38
What are antimicrobial substances?
Proteins/peptides secreted by body to protect against bacteria growth
39
What is the complement system?
Circulating and membrane-associated preoteins that bind to antigens, recruit WBC, and stimulate phagocytosis in immune response.
40
What are the three initiation of complement system pathways?
Alternative (hydrolysis of C3), classical (antibody), Lectin (carbohydrates on cells detected)
41
What is C3b?
Key protein in complement system. Derived from the activation of the C3 complex, will search for a pathogen (bacteria) and anchor into membrane if given the chance. If not, will be neutralized by interstitial water.
42
What is C3a?
The other subunit of C3; flows away from the site of C3 activation, releasing signals to recruit WBC phagocytes.
43
How does C3b facilitate phagocytosis?
Anchors itself into pathogen membrane to act as a grabbing-site for phagocytes.
44
How does C3b facilitate cell lysis?
Changes conformation into membrane attack complex, where it drills holes into cell membrane.
45
Describe extracellular antigen processing
A dendritic cell will invade area of infection to engulf a pathogen using phagocytosis. It will break the pathogen into its basic parts using the lysosome, until the epitope is presented. Then, the epitope will associate with an MHC 2 complex and the dendritic cell will present this epitope containing complex to passing helper T-cells until it finds one with a matching epitope receptor. There, it will bind to the helper t-cell and activate it.
46
Describe intracellular antigen processing
Pathogen peptides are transported to the ER, where it is associated with MHC 1 and presented to a killer T-cell.
47
What are the cardinal signals of inflammation?
Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
48
What is the function of inflammation?
Drags complementary proteins to site of infection, attracts leukocytes, acts as a physical barrier to contain the infection, and promotes wound healing.
49
Acute inflammation
Localized, fast initiation, quickly resolved after threat removal. Present in innate immune cells.
50
Chronic inflammation
Hard to be removed, persistant, due to presence of scarring or fibrosis. Present in both innate and adaptive immune cells.
51
How do T-cells develop?
Migrate to the thymus to finish development. Express t-cell receptors CD4 or CD8. Express coreceptors that are involved in antigen recognition.
52
What three signals are required for T-cell activation?
1. recognition of MHC complex (antigens match) 2. Costimulatory molecules engage to stabilize. 3. Cytokine signalling to amplify T-cell response.
53
What extra signal is required for activation of killer T-cells?
The co-stimulation of a helper T-cell.
54
After the T-cell is activated? What happens next?
The helper T-cell will detach from APC with instructions to proliferate. After multiplying and creating a group of T-cells, the cells with differentiate into effector T-cells that will either kill infected cells or activate macrophages and B-cells. Remaining T-cells will become memory T-cells and linger in the area for a time.
55
How do T-cells activate macrophages?
Give them some Interferon-gamma, which will make them go kill-crazy.
56
What happens when the pathogen is too large for defense by phagocytosis? What T-cell subtype are these?
Mast cells and other granulocytes that carry toxic granules will be recruited to the area. There, they will activate macrophages, B-cells, and destruction by degranulation. Subtype: Th2
57
What do Th17 cells do?
Recruited by APC during bacterial/fungal infections. Induce inflammatory reactions and recruit granulocytes.
58
What do Treg cells do?
Deprive cells of cytokine, release inhibitory cytokines, and inhibit APCs to prevent T-cell proliferation and end immune response.
59
What is the CD8 Killer T-cell mechanism?
CTL will recognize MHC1 complex on target cell and make conformational change to move granules to site of contact. Will release granules which induce apoptosis.
60
What are the toxins present in CD8 cells
Granzyme B, perforin
61
What is the secondary mechanism of killer T-cells?
FAS/FASL. Causes apoptosis when binds. Only in tumor cells.
62
Where do B-cells mature?
Bone marrow.
63
What do B-cells require in order to respond to antigens?
IgM and IgD. Get in spleen.
64
What is isotype switching?
Once activated by T-cells, B-cells with switch heavy chain.
65
What are the mechanisms of antibodies?
Neutralization, Agglutination, opsonization, complement system activation, NK cells recruitment, degranulation
66
How does antibody dependant cellular cytoxicity work?
Antibody IgG binds to antigen and recruits NK cell.

PHYSL212 (7 decks)

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