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PHYSL212 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A

Tissue repair, prevention of tumor growth, cleaning post-trauma, impact and regulate other systems.

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2
Q

What are the main categories of pathogens?

A

Virus, fungus, parasite, bacterium.

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3
Q

What is passive immune response?

A

Protection that is transferred between individuals. Short in duration. Examples: mother to newborn, antiserum for venom.

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4
Q

What is active immune response?

A

Body building own immune response to pathogen. Slower than passive but renewable as cells remember antigen.

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5
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

First line of defense from pathogens; present from birth. Fast and immediate and non-specific.

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6
Q

What is adaptive immunity? What are its divisions?

A

Slow, antigen specific attack of pathogen. Uses B and T lymphocytes. Retains memory of pathogen. Divisions are cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity.

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7
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that elicits an immune response.

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8
Q

Epitope

A

Part of an antigen recognized by the immune system.

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9
Q

Pathogen

A

Organism causing disease.

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10
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The process by which the pathogen induces illness.

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11
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drain excess interstitial fluid.
  2. Transport dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins.
  3. Carry out immune response.
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12
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus. Where the white blood cells divide, develop, and mature.

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13
Q

Where do B-cells mature?

A

Bone marrow and spleen

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14
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

Thymus

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15
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, Spleen. Blood and lymph supply where antigens are first encountered; network of fibers enhancing antigen presentation.

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16
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Supplies blood (production of blood), traps blood-borne antigens. No lymph present.

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17
Q

Is lymph present in the spleen?

A

No.

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18
Q

What are the barrier organs?

A

Skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract.

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19
Q

Where does the myeloid stem cell come from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow divide into either myeloids or lymphoids.

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20
Q

What can myeloid stem cells specialize into?

A

Platelets, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages (monocytes).

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21
Q

What cab lymphoid stem cells specialize into?

A

Natural killer cells, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes (or plasma cells).

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22
Q

What are neutrophils? Where are they most abundant? When do they increase? How do they function?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte derived from myeloid stem cell.
Granulocyte.
Most abundant in blood, first responder.
Increases during bacterial/fungal infection and acute inflammation.
Uses phagocytosis.

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23
Q

What is a Eosinophil? When does it increase?

A

Granulocyte rich in IgE receptors. Produces cytokines/chemokines to recruit more WBC. Increases during parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

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24
Q

What are basophils? When do they increase?

A

Granulocyte increases during parasitic and allergic reactions. Releases toxic granules, rare in blood.

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25
Q

What are Mast cells?

A

In skin and mucosal epithelium; contain granules that contain histamine in response to allergy pathogen. Cause inflammation.

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26
Q

Are Mast cells hypersensitive? Why is this an issue?

A

Yes. It causes allergic reactions.

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27
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells? Where are each present?

A

Monocytes (blood), macrophages (tissue)

Dendritic cells THE BEST.

28
Q

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

A

Produce cytokines to initiate inflammation.

Antigen presenting cells (by phagocytosis)

29
Q

What are natural killers? What immune response are they a part of?

A

Efficient granule containing cells. Part of innate immune response. Recognize infected or distressed cells and induce apoptosis or recruit macrophages. Have no immunologic memory.

30
Q

How do natural killers distinguish cells?

A

Presence of MHC 1

31
Q

What are T-cells? what are the T-cell subtypes?

A

Effector recognition cells part of the adaptive immune response.
Helper T cell, Killer T-cell.
Contain specific receptors and keep immunologic memory of pathogens.

32
Q

What does the helper T-cell recognize?

A

MHC 2

33
Q

What does the killer T-cell recognize?

A

MHC 1

34
Q

What are B-cells? Function?

A

Part of adaptive immune response, activate to produce antibodies. Are able to recognize unprocessed antigens.

35
Q

Are B-cells considered antigen presenting cells?

A

Yeah yeah yeah they are.

36
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A

Receptors on plasma membrane that contain pattern recognition receptors. Cause immune response.

37
Q

What are the 5 innate response mechanisms?

A

Antimicrobial subsatnces, complement system, phagocytosis, inflammation, NK cells.

38
Q

What are antimicrobial substances?

A

Proteins/peptides secreted by body to protect against bacteria growth

39
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Circulating and membrane-associated preoteins that bind to antigens, recruit WBC, and stimulate phagocytosis in immune response.

40
Q

What are the three initiation of complement system pathways?

A

Alternative (hydrolysis of C3), classical (antibody), Lectin (carbohydrates on cells detected)

41
Q

What is C3b?

A

Key protein in complement system. Derived from the activation of the C3 complex, will search for a pathogen (bacteria) and anchor into membrane if given the chance. If not, will be neutralized by interstitial water.

42
Q

What is C3a?

A

The other subunit of C3; flows away from the site of C3 activation, releasing signals to recruit WBC phagocytes.

43
Q

How does C3b facilitate phagocytosis?

A

Anchors itself into pathogen membrane to act as a grabbing-site for phagocytes.

44
Q

How does C3b facilitate cell lysis?

A

Changes conformation into membrane attack complex, where it drills holes into cell membrane.

45
Q

Describe extracellular antigen processing

A

A dendritic cell will invade area of infection to engulf a pathogen using phagocytosis. It will break the pathogen into its basic parts using the lysosome, until the epitope is presented. Then, the epitope will associate with an MHC 2 complex and the dendritic cell will present this epitope containing complex to passing helper T-cells until it finds one with a matching epitope receptor. There, it will bind to the helper t-cell and activate it.

46
Q

Describe intracellular antigen processing

A

Pathogen peptides are transported to the ER, where it is associated with MHC 1 and presented to a killer T-cell.

47
Q

What are the cardinal signals of inflammation?

A

Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

48
Q

What is the function of inflammation?

A

Drags complementary proteins to site of infection, attracts leukocytes, acts as a physical barrier to contain the infection, and promotes wound healing.

49
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Localized, fast initiation, quickly resolved after threat removal. Present in innate immune cells.

50
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Hard to be removed, persistant, due to presence of scarring or fibrosis. Present in both innate and adaptive immune cells.

51
Q

How do T-cells develop?

A

Migrate to the thymus to finish development.
Express t-cell receptors CD4 or CD8.
Express coreceptors that are involved in antigen recognition.

52
Q

What three signals are required for T-cell activation?

A
  1. recognition of MHC complex (antigens match)
  2. Costimulatory molecules engage to stabilize.
  3. Cytokine signalling to amplify T-cell response.
53
Q

What extra signal is required for activation of killer T-cells?

A

The co-stimulation of a helper T-cell.

54
Q

After the T-cell is activated? What happens next?

A

The helper T-cell will detach from APC with instructions to proliferate. After multiplying and creating a group of T-cells, the cells with differentiate into effector T-cells that will either kill infected cells or activate macrophages and B-cells. Remaining T-cells will become memory T-cells and linger in the area for a time.

55
Q

How do T-cells activate macrophages?

A

Give them some Interferon-gamma, which will make them go kill-crazy.

56
Q

What happens when the pathogen is too large for defense by phagocytosis? What T-cell subtype are these?

A

Mast cells and other granulocytes that carry toxic granules will be recruited to the area. There, they will activate macrophages, B-cells, and destruction by degranulation.

Subtype: Th2

57
Q

What do Th17 cells do?

A

Recruited by APC during bacterial/fungal infections. Induce inflammatory reactions and recruit granulocytes.

58
Q

What do Treg cells do?

A

Deprive cells of cytokine, release inhibitory cytokines, and inhibit APCs to prevent T-cell proliferation and end immune response.

59
Q

What is the CD8 Killer T-cell mechanism?

A

CTL will recognize MHC1 complex on target cell and make conformational change to move granules to site of contact. Will release granules which induce apoptosis.

60
Q

What are the toxins present in CD8 cells

A

Granzyme B, perforin

61
Q

What is the secondary mechanism of killer T-cells?

A

FAS/FASL. Causes apoptosis when binds. Only in tumor cells.

62
Q

Where do B-cells mature?

A

Bone marrow.

63
Q

What do B-cells require in order to respond to antigens?

A

IgM and IgD. Get in spleen.

64
Q

What is isotype switching?

A

Once activated by T-cells, B-cells with switch heavy chain.

65
Q

What are the mechanisms of antibodies?

A

Neutralization, Agglutination, opsonization, complement system activation, NK cells recruitment, degranulation

66
Q

How does antibody dependant cellular cytoxicity work?

A

Antibody IgG binds to antigen and recruits NK cell.

PHYSL212 (7 decks)

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