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Pathology Kyle > Immunology 1 (Kyle) > Flashcards

Immunology 1 (Kyle) Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the innate immunity?

A

Structural and chemical barriers

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2
Q

Where do innate cells arise from?

A

Myeloid Progeintor cells

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3
Q

What feature of pathogens does the innate immunity system recognize?

A

Innate cells recognize general features of some pathogens. Usually composed of repeating subunits, peptidoglycans and LPS that are common to many organisms.

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4
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

PAMP’s are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns.

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5
Q

What are PAMP’s recognized by?

A

PAMP’s are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR’s) that are found on a variety of immune cells.

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6
Q

Do innate cells communicate with the acquired immune response?

A

Yes Lymphokines and antibodies modulate the response of innate cells.

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7
Q

How do innate cells initiate acquired immunity?

A

Innate cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, ext.) help to initiate acquired immunity by processing and presenting antigens to lymphocytes.

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8
Q

Do innate cells release cytokines?

A

Innate cells produce cytokines that modulate acquired immune responses.

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9
Q

What immune response acts first, innate or acquired?

A

innate immune responses control infection until acquired immune responses have developed.

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10
Q

What type of cells mediate acquired immune responses?

A

Lymphocytes are the cells that mediate the acquired immune responses.

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11
Q

What unique feature of the acquired immunity allows for rapid mobilization of immune responses?

A

Immunological memory

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12
Q

What purpose do lymphokines serve?

A

Lymphokines supply help to other lymphocytes and they also help to regulate the activities of innate cells (macrophages, NK cells, neurophils)

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13
Q

When lymphocytes encounter an epitope what protein factors are produced?

A

Lymphokines and Cytokines

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14
Q

What type of cell are all elements of the blood derived from and were would you find this cell?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (found in the bone marrow) gives rise to two progenitors that in turn give rise to the cells of the immune system

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15
Q

What cells does the myeloid progenitor cell serve as a precursor for? (4)

A

GranulocytesMacrophagesDendritic CellsMast Cells

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16
Q

Granulocyte, what is this?

A

A granulocyte, or polymorphonuclear cell PMN, are groups of cells that are structurally and functionally distinguishable and make up the adaptive immune system

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17
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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18
Q

What does a neutrophil do?

A

A neutrophil is a phagocytic cell that helps activate the bactericidal mechanisms

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19
Q

What does an eosinophils do?

A

Eosinophils are cells that kill antibody-coated parasites.

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20
Q

What are macrophages?

A

macrophages, are scavenger cells that have receptors for a variety of structures that are common to infectous agents. *They play an important role in initiation of acquired immune responses.

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21
Q

Where does a macrophage come from?

A

A monocyte

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22
Q

What type of cell is the most potent stimulator of T cell responses?

A

Dendritic Cell

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23
Q

What do dendritic cells actually do?

A

Dendritic cells take up antigens at the site of infection

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24
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Mast cells degranulate to release histamine and other active agents that are involved in Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions.

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25
Q

What cells present antigens to T-Cells?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells take up antigens, process the antigen, and present the antigen to niave T-cells to initiate the development of acquired immunity.

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26
Q

What type of receptors do mast cells have on their surface?

A

Mast Cells have IgE receptors on their surface and their activity is modulated by the acquired immune response.

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27
Q

What are T-Cells and B-Cells derived from?

A

T cells and B cells are derived from common lymphoid progenitor cells

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28
Q

What is the primary component of the adaptive (acquired) immune system

A

Lymphocytes

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29
Q

How do lymphocytes recognize foreign antigens?

A

Lymphocytes express receptor molecules on their surface that allow them to specifically recognize foreign antigens.

30
Q

What immune response do Natural Killer cells belong to?

A

Innate- they do not express antigen-specific cell surface receptors and thus, can not recognize specific antigens.

31
Q

Where do cells of the immune system circulate?

A

The lymph system, where they patrol for invaders.

32
Q

Do both B and T cells mature in the bone marrow?

A

NO, While both origionate in the bone marrow Only B cells (Bone-marrow derived cells) mature there.

33
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the Thymus T Cells = (Thymus derived cells)

34
Q

What takes place in the peripheral lymphoid tissues?

A

This is where the adaptive immune response is initiated.

35
Q

What are the central lymph organs?

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow

36
Q

What are the peripheral lymph organs?

A

Spleen, Lymph nodes, Gut associated lymph tissue (GALT), Bronchial associated lymph tissue (BALT)

37
Q

What components make up the GALT. And what purpose do they serve?

A

Tonsils adenoids appendix and Peters patches **They capture antigen from the epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract.

38
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Peyer’s patches are the most important and most highly organized of the GALT tissues. They contain M CELLS that collect antigens along the intestinal mucosa.

39
Q

Describe the structure of a Peyer’s Patch

A

Peyer’s patches have a lymphocyte follicle that consists of a large central dome of B cells surrounded by T cells

40
Q

Initial immunity to potential pathogens is mediated by __________ ?

A

Innate immune system

41
Q

How do phagocytes initiate inflammatory responses?

A

By producing inflammatory responses ( Cytokines )

42
Q

What is the purpose of an inflammatory response?

A

Inflammatory response facilitates uptake of antigen by phagocytes and increase the flow of lymph toward the draining lymphoid tissue. This facilitates antigen transport to secondary lymphoid organs.

43
Q

What cells secrete antigen specific antibodies.

A

B Lymphocytes

44
Q

What serves as the B Cell Receptor?

A

Surface expressed antibody molecules.

45
Q

What happens when a B Cell is activated?

A

Upon activation B Cells produce large quantities of antigen - specific antibodies that can bind to specific antibodies

46
Q

What is the difference between T Lymphocytes and B Lymphocytes

A

T Lymphocytes do not secrete their surface receptor molecules upon activation

47
Q

How are B Cells activated?

A

Once the B cell receptor binds to its cognate antigen (1st step) the B cell endocytoses the antigen, breaks it into pieces, and presents the antigen to an antigen-specific T helper cell. The helper T cell provides the cytokine signal (2nd step) to the B-Cell which causes proliferation and differentiation to make antibodies.

48
Q

How are T Cells activated?

A

T Cells specifically recognize peptide fragments of antigens that are presented to the T cell by an antigen presenting cell (macrophage, dendritic cell, or B cell) 1. Binding of cognate peptide antigen2. Co-stimulation signal by the antigen presenting cell

49
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B Cells

50
Q

How are antigens presented?

A

Each antigen presenting cell is able to take up antigen, process it into peptide fragments ( antigen processing) and then present the antigen on their cell surface to T-Cells

51
Q

Peptide antigens, present on the surface of antigen presenting cells are a bound complex with two types of molecules, what are they?

A

MHC complex 1 and 2. MHC complex one and two bind very tightly to many different peptides in a non-specific way. **T Cell receptor can only bind to peptides that are presented on MHC molecules.

52
Q

What do neutralization Ab’s do?

A

Neutralize some pathogen - derived toxins and even some pathogens

53
Q

What do opsonization Ab’s do?

A

Some Ab’s can coat antigens (or pathogens) which facilitates uptake of the antigen by phagocytes or NK cells.

54
Q

What is complement activation?

A

some antibodies can coat antigens (or pathogens) serve as a receptor for the 1st component of the classic complement system. Such antibodies are said to “Fix complement” which facilitates destruction of the antigen or pathogen

55
Q

What type of cells do antibodies activate?

A

Natural Killer Cells and Mast Cells.

56
Q

Antibodies play an important role in the activation of natural killer cells for ___________ ?

A

Antibody- Dependent Cell- mediated Cytotoxicity

57
Q

What two types of T cells are there?

A

Ones that express CD8+ on their cell surface and ones that express CD4 on their cell surface.

58
Q

Which type of T cells recognize peptide antigens presented on MHC class I molecules ?

A

CD8+ T Cells recognize MHC Class I

59
Q

Describe how T Cells are converted to Armed Effector CD8+ T Cells

A

Once Niave CD8+ T Cell has been activated through recognition of cognate peptide MHC class I complex and costimulation by an antigen presenting cell, the CD8+ T cell will proliferate and differentiate into armed effector CD8+ T cells.

60
Q

What do Armed Effector CD8+ T cells do?

A

Armed CD8+ T cells are programmed for only ONE purpose: To kill cells that have the cognate peptide:MHC Class I complex on their surface: These cells are also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes or “Killa T Cells”

61
Q

What do CD4+ T cells differentiate into?

A

T helper 1 CD4+ or Th1 CD4+ cells

62
Q

What do T helper CD4+ or Th1 CD4+ cells do?

A

The primary role of these cells is supply cytokine signals to macrophages; these cells up regulate various activities of the macrophage which increase its ability to kill ingested bacteria to more efficiently present peptide antigens.

63
Q

Specifically what do Th1 CD4+ cells do?

A

Promote Ab-mediated immune responses. As a component of this activity these cells sere as helper cells for B cell activation and supply cytokine signals that stumulate B cells to produce Ab’s that will eliminate extracellular pathogens.

64
Q

What are two mechanisms pathogens can use to get around the body’s immune responses?

A

Evasion and subversion of the immune system- pathogens can avoid or alter the the immune response produced by the host. Immunodeficiency disease- Inherited defects in genes for components of the immune system

65
Q

What is a hypersensitive immune reaction?

A

An over reaction of the immune system that lead to discomfort , local tissue damage, widespread inflammation. Ex. allergic response

66
Q

What happens in a graft rejection?

A

Since most individuals express different MHC molecules on their cells transplanted tissue is seen as non-self by the immune system and is attacked.

67
Q

What is an autoimmune reaction?

A

Immune responses to self-tissue

68
Q

How can you manually manipulate the immune response?

A

Vaccination

69
Q

Are antigen presenting cells in the innate immunity or adaptive immunity?

A

Innate- These cells

70
Q

What is a clonal section?

A

When a lymphocyte is stimulated by binding of its receptor to its cognate antigen the lymphocyte is activated to proliferate giving rise to many new lymphocytes that bear an identical antigen-receptor specificity.

71
Q

What is somatic recombination?

A

The immunoglobulin genes that code for lymphocyte receptors consist of a series of gene segments that are randomly recombined to generate complete coding regions for antigen-binding portions of the lymphocyte receptor molecules. This random process is called somatic recombination.

Pathology Kyle (13 decks)

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