Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology and Parasitology > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This exists to protect the host from infection

A

Immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This is the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells

A

Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This is a collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections

A

Immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary function of the immune system

A

Surveillance → recognition of self from non-self → identification of foreign or pathogenic invaders → attack and elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This is a coordinated reaction of the immune cells and molecules to infectious microbes

A

Immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The study of molecules, cells, organs & systems responsible for the recognition & disposal of what is foreign or non-self

A

Immunology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How body components respond to foreign materials and how they interact

A

Immunology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It deals with understanding the desirable (protective) and the undesirable (pathologic)

A

Immunology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

It deals with ways by which the immune system can be manipulated to protect the body against diseases by preventing the invasion of infectious agents or to treat diseases by eradicating established infections.

A

Immunology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Founder of Immunology
Father of Vaccinology
Initiated vaccination - first reliable method of conferring lasting immunity to smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This is defined as “the phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent (Stevens)”
Cowpox and smallpox

A

Cross-immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The person who defined cross reactivity as “the phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent (Stevens)”

A

Louis Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

This may occur through heat, aging, or chemical means, and it remains the basis for many of the immunizations that are used today.

A

Attenuation or change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Year when spread of vaccination (first rabies vaccine given to a young boy bitten by a rabid dog)

A

1885

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Year when immunology began

A

1796

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Discovered antibodies while developing a diphtheria antitoxin

A

Eml Von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False.

Tetanus poisons can be given to patients to cure them from this disease.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Year when antibodies protect against disease

A

1901

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Developed a way to make pure culture of bacteria and discovered cholera bacterium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Year when immune response to tuberculosis started

A

1905

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Demonstrated that protective effects of the immune system could also cause great damage to the body
Worked on anaphylaxis

A

Charles Richet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Discovered the ABO blood group and Rhesus factor (Rh)

A

Karl Landsteiner, 1930

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Year when there is vaccine against Yellow Fever

A

1951

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Year of the development of antihistamine drugs for allergy treatment

A

1957

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Year when the structure of the antibody molecule revealed

A

1972

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Year of the development of monoclonal antibody

A

1984

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Year when Hepatitis B vaccine was discovered

A

1986

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Year of the Transplantation immunology

A

1991

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Year when Human Papilloma Vaccine started to prevent Cervical Cancer

A

2005

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A complex collection of fluid and cells that penetrate all the organs, tissue spaces, vascular network and fluid compartments of the body
“Soldiers” that protect the body

A

Immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Organs of defense and immunity

A

Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Bloodstream
Lymphatic System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A network of connective tissue fibers inhabited by macrophages that attack and ingest microbes

A

Reticuloendothelial system (RES)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Surrounds all tissue cells; penetrate by blood and lymph vessels

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Contains specific and non-specific cellular defenses

A

Bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Brings all components of the second and the third line of defense to attack infectious microbes

A

ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

It provides the route of passage for macrophages while waiting for the foreign substances

A

RES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Returns tissue fluids to the general circulation
Carries away excess fluid in inflamed tissues
Concentrates and processes foreign invaders
Initiates the specific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

This involves further differentiation into monocytes, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), RBCs and thrombocytes.

A

Myeloid series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

This is responsible for the production of the lymphocyte, and the natural killer (NK) cells which is also known as the large granular lymphocyte.

A

Lymphoid series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Site of maturation of T and B cells

A

Primary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Two primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Bone marrow or Thymus.

Responsible for providing the stem cells from which the blood cells arise

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Bone marrow or Thymus.

Located near the heart

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Bone marrow or Thymus.

Produces humoral factors that will induce immunological competence in lymphocytes

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Bone marrow or Thymus.

Site of maturation for B cells

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Bone marrow or Thymus.

Site of maturation for T cells

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Bone marrow or Thymus.

Its equivalence in chickens is the Bursa of Fabricius

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A 
Spleen
Lymph nodes (LN)
Peyer’s patches
Tonsils
Appendix
SALT (skin-associated lymphoid tissue)
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Serve as an antigen trapping site of tissues or vascular spaces and the site where mature lymphocytes can interact effectively with the antigen

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Lymphocytes circulate through these organs so that every antigen is exposed to a sample of the whole lymphocyte population (of B cells or T cells)

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Carry products of the immune response such as antibodies and T cells to the blood and/or tissues

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Two major cellular components of the immune system

A

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Two agranulocyte cells

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Central cell of the immune system

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

20-25% of the WBC in blood

99% of cells in lymph

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Composed of T cells, B cells and NK cells

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

True or False.

Lymphocytes are the only WBC that produce specific receptors for antigens

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

True or False.

Lymphocytes are morphologically similar but extremely heterogenous in lineage, function, and phenotype

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Manner by which lymphocytes are distinguish

A

Cluster of differentiation (CD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Important features of lymphocytes

A

Restricted cell surface receptors
Clonal proliferation (able to produce similar cells)
Long life span: memory cells
Recirculation between tissues and blood, assuring body wide distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

This is the ability of lymphocytes to recognize differences between antigens

A

Specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

True or False.

Basal cells have antigen binding receptor to recognize the antigen.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

True or False.

T-helper cells have T cell receptor (TCR) molecule that functions like the immunoglobulins.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Have TCR and CD4

A

Th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Have TCR and CD8

A

Tc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

T or B cell.

15%-20% of lymphocytes in the blood

A

B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

T or B cell.

75%-80% of lymphocytes circulating in the blood

A

T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

T or B cell.

Associated with humoral immunity

A

B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

T or B cell.

Function: differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells in the presence of an antigen

A

B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

True or False.

Other lymphoid stem cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, thereby undergoing specialization into T cells.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

T or B cells.

Found in all lymphoid tissues, especially in the paracortical region of the lymph nodes

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

T or B cells.

Develops first from lymphoid stem cells in the liver of fetuses

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

T or B cell.
After birth, they develop and mature from lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow where they mature containing IgM and IgD

A

B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

T or B cell.

Long life span

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

T or B cell.
After maturation, they migrate to the lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes (specifically in the cortical region), spleen, tonsils, adenoids, & GALT.

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

End product of B cell activation

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

T cells differentiate into

A

Td, Tc, Th, Ts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Both T cell differentiated cells function for cell mediated immunity and antigen clearance.

A

Td and Tc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Both T cell differentiated cells function as regulatory cells.

A

Th and Ts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

T cell associated with delayed type hypersensitivity

A

Td

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Tc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Suppressor T cells; down regulates immune system

A

Ts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

T helper cells; aid in the enhancement of the immune system

A

Th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

T cells that provide chemical signals that help stimulate other immune cells like B lymphocytes to differentiate into Ab-producing cells

A

Th cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

T cell that produce cytokines that regulate activities of T cells & B cells, monocytes & other immune cells

A

Th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Th differentiates into

A

Th1

Th4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Th1 cytokine that activate macrophages or help B cells to switch to IgG synthesis

A

TNF-γ

88
Q

Th2 cytokine that activate mast cells, eosinophils and causes B cells to synthesize IgE

A

IL-4

89
Q 
True or False.
CD4 molecules displayed on the surface of the T cells are able to recognize a non-peptide bonding portion of MHC class II molecule.
A

True

90
Q

Normal ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells

A

2:1

91
Q

T cells that identify cells infected with intracellular organisms and eliminate or lyse the cells harboring them

A

Tc cells

92
Q

T cell that kills tumor cells, host cells infected with viruses, and other microorganisms

A

Tc cells

93
Q

T cell involved in other types of allergic reactions

A

Tc cells

94
Q 
True or False.
CD8 molecules displayed on the surface of these T cells recognize the non-peptide bonding portion of MHC class I molecule.
A

True

95
Q

T cells that function to downregulate thus control the adaptive immune responses

A

Ts cells

96
Q

15% of blood lymphocytes
Large lymphocytes that have Killer Activation Receptors (KARs) and Killer Inhibition Receptors (KIRs), but do not have membrane surface markers

A

NK cells

97
Q

Function of NK cells

A

Destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis

98
Q

True or False.
NK cells normally circulate in the blood but can migrate to infected tissues and kill infected host cells but do not express the kinds of clonally distributed antigen receptors that B cells and T cells do.

A

True

99
Q

Type of surface protein that is lacking in NK cells

A

MHC class 1

100
Q

Lymphocytes that kill foreign cells, viral infected cells, tumor cells and produce cytokines that stimulate macrophages

A

NK cells

101
Q

3-7% in the circulation

Phagocytes that develop from the myeloid series; considered as an agranulocyte

A

Monocytes

102
Q

Largest WBC and develop into macrophages when they leave the circulation

A

Monocyte

103
Q

Morphology of monocytes

A

Nucleus is oval or kidney-shaped

“Ground glass” appearance

104
Q

Functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

Secrete cytokines that influence growth and activation of other cell types

105
Q

True or False.

Activated macrophages are among the most important types of APCs that can present antigens to lymphocytes.

A

True

106
Q

Corresponding names of macrophages according to tissue location

A

Histiocytes - CT
Microglial cells - brain
Mesanglial cell - kidneys
Kupffer cells - liver

107
Q

Cells with granular cytoplasm and an irregularly shaped, lobed nucleus, derived from myeloid stem cell lineage

A

Granulocytes

108
Q

Three types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

109
Q

Type of immunity that is present at birth, non-specific, rapid response, lacks memory response and serves as the body’s initial protection

A

Innate immunity

110
Q

Body’s first line of defense

A

Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Normal microbiota

111
Q

Different physical barriers of the body

A 
Skin
Mucous membrane
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary Tract
Tears
Saliva
Mucus-coated hair in the nose
112
Q

This physical barrier undergoes periodic shedding of keratin & epidermis to help remove pathogenic microbes.

A

Skin

113
Q

Helps the skin inhibit microbial growth

A

Dryness

114
Q

Functions as a waterproofing of proteins to prevent water-soluble substances from entering the skin

A

Keratin

115
Q

These are secretions of the skin that have acidic pH

A

Sweat and sebaceous secretions

116
Q

This protects the body from the exterior surface and is lined by epithelial cells which secrete mucus that covers microbes to be eliminated

A

Mucous membrane

117
Q

Act as filter found in the respiratory tract

A

Ciliated cells of the respiratory tract

118
Q

Protective mechanisms of the GIT

A

Peristalsis, defecation and vomiting that get rid of the microbes

119
Q

Main protective characteristic of the genitourinary tract

A

Length of the urethra

120
Q

Washes away microbes in the eye surface

A

Tears

121
Q

It prevents colonization of microbes by diluting its number and washing them from the surface of the teeth and mucous membrane of the mouth

A

Saliva

122
Q

Protective contents of saliva

A

lysozyme, urea, uric acid
low pH that inhibits the growth of microbes
IgA that prevents attachment of microbes

123
Q

Filter air and help trap microorganisms, dust and pollutants

A

Mucus-coated hair in the nose

124
Q

Chemical barriers in the body

A 
Sebum
Perspiration
Lysozyme
Saliva
Gastric juices
Vaginal secretions
Urine
Genetic components
125
Q

Oily substance that acts as protective covering of the skin produced by sebaceous glands (holocrine)

A

Sebum

126
Q

Contains unsaturated fatty acids that inhibit bacterial and fungal growth

A

Sebum

127
Q

Flushes microorganisms from the skin surface

A

Perspiration

128
Q

Contained in nasal secretions, saliva, tears

Breakdown cell walls of bacteria

A

Lysozyme

129
Q

Protective mechanism of gastric juices

A

High acidity destroys microbes

130
Q

True or False.
Some microorganisms like H. pylori are able to survive in the stomach by producing urease which neutralizes the stomach acid.

A

True

131
Q

Vaginal secretion which is acted upon by Lactobacillus, making the area acidic to ward off other pathogenic organisms

A

Lactogen

132
Q

With acidic pH due to uric acid and hippuric acid that inhibits pH sensitive microbes

A

Urine

133
Q

Genetical immunity

High pathological specificity

A

Genetic components

134
Q

Normal microbiota prevents pathogenic organisms from colonizing the host by

A

Competing for nutrients
Producing substances harmful to pathogens
Bacteriocins
Altering conditions that will affect the survival of the pathogen

135
Q

Considered as ribosomally synthesized antibacterial peptides or proteins that either kill or inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria

A

Bacteriocins

136
Q

More internalized system of protective cells and fluids that includes inflammation and phagocytosis

A

Second line of defense

137
Q

Acts rapidly both in the local and systemic levels once the first line of defense is breached

A

Second line of defense

138
Q

Components of the second line of defense

A

Cellular defenses

Molecular defenses

139
Q

Use special-purpose cells found in the blood and other tissues of the body
All are derived from pluripotent stem cells (granulocytes and agranulocytes)

A

Cellular defense

140
Q

cells that engulf invading microorganisms (e.g. neutrophils and macrophages)

A

Phagocytes

141
Q

Receptors used by the cells to regonize pathogens

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

142
Q

These are present in the cell membrane of phagocytic cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells

A

PRRs

143
Q

Recognize Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

PRRs

144
Q

Structural features which are expressed by microbes (lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycans, proteins, sugars)

A

PAMPs

145
Q

A kind of PRR that is located in the plasma membrane of phagocytic cells

A

Toll-like receptors

146
Q

Recognize pathogen molecules (LPS, flagellin, peptidoglycan, DNA of bacteria, DNA or RNA of viruses, components of fungi & parasites) and Induce defensive cells to release cytokines

A

TLRs

147
Q

Mechanism of TLR

A

A TLR recognizes the lipopolysaccharides on the invading microbes in which it dimerizes with another TLR → sends signal to the nucleus → produces interleukins (IL 1 & 8 for inflammation; IL 6 & 12 to promotes specific activities of B & T cells)

148
Q

Local defensive response to tissue damage from microbial infection
Mobilizes & attracts immune components to the site of injury

A

Inflammation

149
Q

Localizes an infection → Prevents spread of microbial invaders, Neutralizes any toxins being produced at the site
Aids in the repair of damaged tissues

A

Inflammation

150
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Rubor (redness), Calor (heat) Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain) Functio laesa (loss of function)

151
Q

More than 2 weeks of inflammation
If neutrophils fail to remove the offending agent, macrophages and lymphocytes take over and form the granuloma to contain the offending agent

A

Chronic inflammation

152
Q

Mechanism of inflammation

A

Injury → vasodilatation of the blood vessels → increased blood flow → increased vascular permeability due to endothelial retraction→ leakage of fluids and neutrophils to extracellular tissues → exudate formation → swelling and edema → macrophages and lymphocytes repair tissue damage → formation of a scar or return to normal state

153
Q

Fever is regulated by the

A

Hypothalamus

154
Q

Systemic response caused by infection from bacteria & their toxins

A

Fever

155
Q 
Increases thermostat (setpoint) to higher levels
Our body respond by chills and blood constriction until the setpoint is reached
A

Pyrogens

156
Q

Types of pyrogens

A

Endogenous

Exogenous

157
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

IL-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

158
Q

Exogenous pyrogens

A

Bacteria, viruses

159
Q

Stimulates immune reaction through IL-1
Some microorganisms such as viruses are sensitive to heat and are killed when exposed to it
Heat can also increase metabolism

A

Fever

160
Q

Benefits of fever

A

Inhibit multiplication of temperature sensitive microorganisms
Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing iron availability
Can speed up hematopoiesis, phagocytosis

161
Q

True or False.

Fever is only beneficial up to some point. At 41oC, there could be convulsions.

A

True

162
Q

Engulfment of the invading microorganisms by macrophages & neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

163
Q

Types of Macrophages

A

Fixed/Resident Macrophages

Wandering Macrophages

164
Q

Types of Fixed/Resident Macrophages

A

Microglia - brain
von Kupffer cells - liver
Alveolar macrophages - lungs

165
Q

Type of macrophage that is found in bloodstream and migrate to infected area

A

Wandering macrophages

166
Q

Survey tissue compartments for microbes, particulate matter and dead cells and extract antigens from foreign matter to be presented to T cells

A

Phagocytosus

167
Q

True or False.

Phagocytes recognize the offending agents via receptors such as Toll-like Receptors which bind to microbial antigen.

A

True

168
Q

Steps in phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Attachment
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
  5. Expulsion
169
Q

Step in phagocytosis:

Phagocytes with protein cell-surface receptors move to a site where they are needed; directed migration 7 of 11

A

Chemotaxis

170
Q

Step in phagocytosis:

Attachment of phagocytes to an object; phagocytes recognize a bacterium & binds to it with the help of an opsonin

A

Attachment

171
Q

Step in phagocytosis:

Phagocyte extends pseudopods & surround bacterium forming a phagosome

A

Ingestion

172
Q

Step in phagocytosis:
Lysosome fuses with phagosomes forming a phagolysosome; chemicals (lysozyme, lactic acid, nitric oxide & oxidants) from lysosome attack the bacterium

A

Digestion

173
Q

Step in phagocytosis:

Phagolysosome fuse with the cell membrane & debris for them to be excreted

A

Expulsion

174
Q

Cellular components that control viral multiplication

A

Interferons

175
Q

True or False.

Interferons could be not viral specific and species-specific.

A

True

176
Q

Interferon that can affect different kind of viruses

A

Not viral specific

177
Q

Interferon that can affect only viruses that infects a certain species (E.g. humans)

A

Species-specific

178
Q

Produced by viral infected host cell in response to viruses, RNA, immune products, and antigens

A

Interferons

179
Q

Interfere with viral multiplication via viral protein synthesis, degradation of viral RNA and prevention of the translation of viral proteins

A

Interferons

180
Q

React with plasma or nuclear membrane receptors inducing uninfected cell to manufacture mRNA for synthesis of Antiviral Proteins (AVPs)

A

Interferon

181
Q

Disrupts various stages of viral multiplication

A

AVPs

182
Q

Used in therapy of certain VIRAL INFECTIONS and CANCER

A

Interferons

183
Q

Three types of interferons

A

INF-α
INF-β
INF-γ

184
Q

Interferon that is a product of B lymphocytes, monocytes & macrophages and activate Natural Killer cells

A

INF-α

185
Q

Interferon that is aroduct of fibroblasts and epithelial cells and plays a role in B and T lymphocyte maturation and inflammation

A

INF-β

186
Q

Interferon that is a product of T lymphocytes and NK cells and nduces neutrophils & macrophages to kill bacteria & tumor cells by producing nitric oxide

A

INF-γ

187
Q

Type of interferon that inhibits cancer cells

A

INF-γ

188
Q

True or False.
INF-α and INF-β are the only ones involved in viral infections while INF-γ is involved in activating macrophages for phagocytosis of bacteria.

A

True

189
Q

Mechanism of action of interferons

A

When viruses bind to host cells, a signal is sent to the nucleus to synthesize interferons. These interferons are secreted in the extracellular space and are taken up by uninfected cells. The uninfected cells then produce anti-viral proteins which will inhibit multiplication by interfering with viral protein synthesis. Hence, viral replication is inhibited. This allows other body defenses to fight the disease effectively.

190
Q

Cell that is responsible for extracellular killings in the second line of defense

A

NK cells

191
Q

Functions of NK cells

A

Eliminate irreparably injured & tumor cells
Recognize and destroy parasitic cells extracellularly
Respond by killing these cells & secreting macrophage-activating cytokine INF-γ
Fight viral & other intracellular infections by killing host infected cells
Has inhibitory receptor and activating receptor
Contain lytic enzymes

192
Q

Mechanism of NK cells

A

In healthy host cells, there is MHC-1 Complex. The NK cells bind to the host cells in its inhibitory receptor thereby inhibiting the activating receptor. As a consequence, the host cell is unaffected. In viral infected cells, MHC is lost. Hence, they bind to the activating receptor which activates the release of lytic enzymes that kill the virus infected cells

193
Q

Primary component of molecular defenses of the body

A

Complement System

194
Q

Defensive system of proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in the blood serum

A

Complement system

195
Q

“Complements” the immune reactions in destroying the offending agents

A

Complement system

196
Q

Consists of around 26-30 blood proteins that work to destroy bacteria and certain viruses via a “cascade reaction”

A

Complement system

197
Q

Complement system destroys microbes by

A

Cytolysis
Inflammation
Phagocytosis

198
Q

Three complement pathways

A

Alternative Pathway – Innate Immunity
Lectin Pathway – Innate Immunity
Classical Pathway – Adaptive Immunity

199
Q

True or False.
Second line of defense only involve Alternative and Lectin pathway while Classical pathway complements third line of defense or Adaptive immunity.

A

True

200
Q

Discovered after the classical pathway

Antibody INDEPENDENT pathway

A

Alternative pathway

201
Q

First response of innate immunity

A

Alternative pathway

202
Q

Initiated by the presence of microbes – attacking proteins in blood, lymph and extracellular fluids – that have lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins, and yeast cell wall (zymosan), as well as aggregates of IgA which then starts with the hydrolysis of C3

A

Alternative pathway

203
Q

Mechanism of Alternative pathway

A

Begins at C3 which is activated at slow rate by water & plasma enzyme (bypassing C1, C4 and C2 components) → C3 combines with complement proteins: factor B, factor D and factor P on the surface of the microbe → C3 is split to C3a and C3b

204
Q

Complement protein that causes inflammation and triggers degranulation of mast cell

A

C3a

205
Q

Complement protein that causes opsonization & cytolysis

A

C3b

206
Q

Enters the terminal complement pathway which leads to the formation of the membrane-attack complex (MAC) that can kill the microbes by making holes (cytolysis)

A

C3b

207
Q

Acts as an opsonin and facilitate phagocytosis

A

C3b

208
Q

Participates in the formation of C5a which also causes phagocytosis and inflammation

A

C3b

209
Q

True or False.

C3b is an opsonin while C5a and C3a are anaphylatoxins.

A

True

210
Q

Most recently discovered

Antibody INDEPENDENT pathway

A

Lectin pathway

211
Q

Initiated by binding of complement to Mannose, sugar found on microbial cell wall
Activated by lectin produced by the liver due to cytokines released by macrophages after ingesting bacteria, viruses & other foreign materials

A

Lectin pathway

212
Q

MBL associated serine protease in Lectin pathway

A

MASP-1

MASP-2

213
Q

MBL-associated serine protease that is synthesized as a zymogen and is activated when it complexes with the pathogen recognition molecules such as MBL

A

MASP-1

214
Q

Steps in Lectin pathway

A
  1. Lectin (e.g. mannose-binding lectin/MBL) binds to carbohydrate mannose or similar sugars on bacterial and viral cell walls
  2. Activation of C2 and C3
  3. C2a and C4b combine and activate C3 (gets hydrolyzed to C3a and C3b)
215
Q

Initiated by binding of complement to antibody

A

Classical pathway

Microbiology and Parasitology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions