Immunologic Disorders Flashcards
Abnormality in one or more branches of the immune system that renders a person susceptible to diseases normally prevented by an intact immune system
Immunodeficiency
Exaggerated or inappropriate immune response
Hypersensitivity
Disturbance in the synthesis of immunoglobulins
Gammopathy
Inherited immunodeficiency caused by the mutation in the gene of X chromosome 21.3– 22
X linked agammaglobulinemia
XLA is detected during what age?
Six months
IgE Normal Values
0.002 to 2 mg/dl
Other terms for X linked agammaglobulinemia
Bruton Type Agammaglobulinemia, X –linked Infantile Agammaglobulinemia, Congenital Agammaglobulinemia
One of its clinical manifestations are serious enteroviral infections like your Coxsackieviruses
XLA
In this disease, B lymphocytes are diagnosed to be absent while T cells are within normal values
Hypogammaglobulinemia
IgA Normal Values
80 to 350mg/dl
IgM Normal Values
45 to 250 mg/dl
IgM Normal Values
45 to 250 mg/dl
IgD Normal Values
0.3 to 0mg/dl
Treatment for Hypogammaglobulinemia includes maintaining IgG at what value?
500 mg/dl
Total absence or severe deficiency of IgA
SELECTIVE IgA DEFFICIENCY
Total absence or severe deficiency of IgA
SELECTIVE IgA DEFFICIENCY
Autosomal recessive inheritance affecting the thymus and endocrine glands
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
COMBINED B & T CELL IMMUNODEFICIENCY
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, Ataxia–Telangiectasia, SCID
Congenital failure of the thymus where there is a lack of T cell in chromosome 22
Di George’s Syndrome/ Thymic Hypoplasia
Manifestations of Di George’s Syndrome
Cardiac abn Abn Fascies Thymic Aplasia Cleft Palate Hypoparathyroidism/ Hypocalcemia
T cell Immunodeficiencies
Di George’s Syndrome, Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis, Hodgkin’s Disease
Characterized by cerebral ataxia, telangiectasis, recurrent infections of the lungs and sinuses and increased incidence of cancer
ATAXIA–TELANGIECTASIA
This is accompanied by thrombocytopenia and eczema
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
In Di George’s Syndrome, what is administered for its management?
Human Leukocyte Antigen
Neoplasm of the lymphoid tissue
where there is impaired T cell function
Hodgkin’s Disease
One of hallmark signs of Ataxia Telangiectasia where there is dilated blood vessels which usually appears in the first 4 years of life
Telangiectasia
Clinical manifestations include nails that are thickened, fragmented, discolored and hyperkeratotic
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
One of hallmark signs of Ataxia Telangiectasia where there is uncoordinated muscle movement
Ataxia
Characterized by your lymphoid aplasia and thymic dysplasia
SCID
PHAGOCYTIC CELL DISORDERS
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia, Chronic Granulomatous Dse
Clinical features include deep, painful mouth ulcers, gingivitis, stomatitis & cellulitis
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia
Type of Phagocytic Cell Disorder where your phagocytes do not make hydrogen peroxide which is needed to kill bacteria & molds
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
A type of severe combined immune deficiency where affected children have lymphopenia and thymus is always hypoplastic or absent
SWISS TYPE AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
Collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal, healthy tissues
LUPUS ERTYHEMATOSUS
WBC cannot produce an inflammatory response to the skin infections resulting in deep seated abscesses that lack the classic signs and symptoms of inflammation
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia
Gammopathy Diseases
Macroglubinemia, Hodgkin’s, Myeloma
Malignant disease of the most mature form of B lymphocyte, the plasma cell
MM
Characterized by orderly spread of disease from one lymph node grp to another and by the devt of systemic symptoms with advanced disease
HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
Characterized by Hyper viscosity syndrome
MACROGLOBULINEMIA
Condition in which cold temperature/ strong emotion cause blood vessel spasm that block blood flow to our fingers, toes, nose, ears; evident cyanosis
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Diagnostic test that measures the pattern and amount of autoantibody which can attack the body’s tissues as if they were foreign material
Antinuclear Antibodies/ ANA or ANF
This medication is effective for managing cutaneous, and musculoskeletal and mild features of SLE
Antimalarial Drug e.g.: Hydroxychloroquine (Planequil)
Collecting plasma which is frozen to preserve it for variety of use
Plasmapheresis
CLASSIFICATIONS OF LUPUS
Discoid
Drug Induced
Neonatal
Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus where there is chronic skin condition of sores with inflammation and scarring
Discoid
Medications that may trigger your Drug Induced LE
hydralazine , procainamide, isoniazid, phenothiazine, Penicillin (antibiotic)
Autoimmune disorder, non-contagious, chronic, progressive, inflammatory connective tissue disorder that causes major body and system failure
SLE
Benign and self-limited lupus
Neonatal LE
Cause is unknown but this is characterized by spontaneous remission (state of absence of the manifestations of disease) and exacerbation
SLE
Diagnostic criteria of SLE
Serositis
Oral Ulcers
Arthritis
Photosensitivity
Overabundance of this protein is due to increased proliferation of the plasma cells
Monoclonal Paraprotein/ M protein
Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia
constipation, thirst, altered mental status, dehydration, confusion and coma
Classic Triad for multiple myeloma
Plasmacytosis, Lytic Bone lesion (Plasmacytomas), M. protein or Bence Jones Protein
Period between onset of HIV infection and appearance of detectable antibodies to the virus
Window period
Most common secondary immunodeficiency
AIDS
Point at w/c an infected person converts to from being negative for the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood to being positive
Seroconversion
Time after infection and before seroconversion
Window Period
3 Phases of AIDS
Primary infection, Latency, Overt
Opportunistic infection where the alveoli become filled w foamy, protein rich fluid that impairs gas exchange
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
What can of gait is presented to patients with AIDS dementia complex?
Unsteady Gait
Opportunistic infection where there is a malignancy of the endothelial cells that line small blood vessel
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
CD4 count of an immunosuppressed immune system
500- 200 cells/mm3
What immunizations are given for a child with AIDS?
ensure administration of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines
What immunization is not allowed for a child with AIDS?
Varicella
CD4 count of a competent immune system
650-12000 cells/mm3
Newer drug for AIDS?
Trogarzo
This medication is recommended for prevention of maternal fetal HIV transmission
Zidovudine (AZT)
Manifestations for this phase are consistent generalized lymph adenopathy for 3 months, at two different locations
Latency/ Chronic Asymptomatic
When is Zidovudine administered?
AFTER 14 WEEKS AOG with PO medicine; IVTT DURING LABOR; and to the NEONATE post birth for SIX WEEKS
Type of HIV that is responsible for most virus worldwide
HIV1
This phase in AIDS is the Initial response to HIV invasion
Primary Infection/ Early Acute Phase
At what year was AIDS internationally accepted?
1986
AIDS defining characteristic in terms of Philippine setting
Tuberculosis
AIDS defining characteristic in the United States
Pneumonia
CD4 count of a person with AIDS
<200
What is the HIV wasting diagnostic criteria?
involuntary weight loss exceeding 10% of baseline body weight
Four types of hypersensitivity
Type I: IgE mediated
Type II: Cytotoxic
Type III: Immune Complex
Type IV: Delayed
Primary Cellular Component of Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Mast cells, basophils
Type 1 Hypersensitivity is amplified by what blood cells?
Platelets, Neutrophils, Eosinophils
Most severe form of type 1 hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis is an FDA approved HIV prevention regimen which include taking what medications daily?
Truvada
This type of hypersensitivity is when Ag-Ab reaction activates the complement system
TYPE II CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
Primary cellular component of cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
Ig M, Ig G, Complement System
This type of Type 1 Hypersensitivity is usually caused by food allergen; eggs, fish, nuts, seafoods, meds
Urticaria
Mediated by the formation of insoluble Ag-Ab complex that activates complement
TYPE III IMMUNE COMPLEX MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Massive fetal red blood cell destruction
Hydrops fetalis
This type of hypersensitivity is characterized by pruritic lesions with pale, pink wheal on an erythematous background
Urticaria
Signs and symptoms of this hypersensitivity includes itching, apprehension, anasarca, circumoral edema, wheezing, dyspnea, signs of vascular collapse of shock
Anaphylaxis
Medications given to manage anaphylaxis
Epinephrine (1:1000), Benadryl, Hydrocortisone
Less severe form type 1 that reacts to pollen, feathers, fungal spores, house dust but is not in contact w/ allergen
Atopic Allergy
Common forms of Atopic Allergy
Hay fever, atopic dermatitis, asthma
Form of urticaria but involves subcutaneous tissue rather than skin
Angioedema
Primary cellular component of type III Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity
- IgG
- IgM
- IgA
- Complements
- Neutrophils
Develops 1-3 weeks after administration of large amounts of foreign serum (horse antitetanus toxin)
SERUM SICKNESS
This occurs when the system mistakenly identifies a normal constituent of the body
TYPE II CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
Disorders associated with your type 2 hypersensitivity
Myasthenia Gravis, Goodpasture Syndrome, Hemolytic anemia
Rheumatic disease classifications
Monoarticular, polyarticular or inflammatory/ non inflammatory
Most potent drug given to patients with RA
Methotrexate
Two common diseases related with Delayed Hypersensitivity
SJS, Lyell’s syndrome/ Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Types of transplant rejection
Hyperacute, acute, chronic
Type of hypersensitivity that develops 24 to 72 hours after exposure to antigens
TYPE IV DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Primary components of type IV delayed hypersensitivity
- T-lymphocytes
* Macrophages
Fusing of the bones together
Ankylosis
This drug interferes with purine metabolism, leading to the release of adenosine, a potent anti-inflammatory compound. This is why effect can be seen in 1 month right away.
Methotrexate
Systemic inflammatory disease that affects 0.3% to 1.5% of the population, with women affected two to three times more frequently than men
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Peak age for RA
Peak: 40‐ 60 years old
Age of onset for RA
30‐ 50 years old
Aerious, potentially life-threatening viral infection caused by Coronaviridae family. Began in the Guangdong province of southern China. It is characterized by a phase of cytokine storms with various chemokines and cytokines being elevated.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Emergency prophylaxis that neutralizes virus activity in vitro and in vivo for patients with SARS
Monoclonal antibodies
Referred to as swine flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs that can be transmitted to humans.
H1N1
Etiologic Agent of H1N1
Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Viral respiratory illness and was reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and has spread to several Other countries including the United States. Most people infected with this disease developed severe acute respiratory illness.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-COV)
Etiologic Agent for MERS-COV
MERS-Coronavirus
Mode of Transmission of MERS-COV
Close contact with infected person
MERS-COV incubation period
5 to 6 days, but can range from 2 to 14 days
Rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the its viruses strains. It can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates.
Ebola Virus
Incubation Period for Ebola
2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, but the average is 8 to 10 days.
Incubation Period for H1N1
1 to 4 days with an average of 2 days up to 7 days
A1 -adrenergic receptor blocker. Relaxes bladder sphincter.
Terazosin (Hytrin)
First US FDA approved vaccine last December 2019 for EBOLA
ERVEBO
Common etiologic pathogens involved in PID
- N. gonorrhoeae
* Chlamydia
This management is done to relax smooth muscle of the bladder neck and prostate for patients with BPH
Balloon dilation
