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Pathology > Immuno1 0518FA > Flashcards

Immuno1 0518FA Flashcards

1
Q

lymph node functions

A
  1. nonspecific filtration by macros.
  2. store and activate B and T cells.
  3. Ab production.
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2
Q

LN follicle

A

site of B cell localization, proliferation.

located in outer cortex.

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3
Q

primary LN follicle

A

dense, dormant.

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4
Q

secondary LN follicle

A

pale central germinal centers, active

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5
Q

medullary cords

A

closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells

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6
Q

medullary sinuses

A

contain reticular cells, macrophages

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7
Q

what part of lymph node communicates with efferent lymphatics?

A

medullary sinuses

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8
Q

paracortex

A

region between follicles and medulla.
high endothelial venules.

contains T cells.

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9
Q

where do T and B cells enter LN from blood?

A

postcapillary (high endothelial) venules

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10
Q

lymph drainage of upper limb, lateral breast

A

axillary LN

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11
Q

lymph drainage of stomach

A

celiac LN

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12
Q

lymph drainage of duodenum, jejunum

A

superior mesenteric LN

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13
Q

lymph drainage of sigmoid colon

A

colic to inferior mesenteric LN

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14
Q

lymph drainage of rectum (lower portion, above pectinate line)

A

internal iliac LN

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15
Q

lymph drainage of anal canal (below pectinate line)

A

superficial inguinal LN

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16
Q

lymph drainage of testes

A

superficial and deep plexuses to PARA-AORTIC LN

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17
Q

lymph drainage of scrotum

A

superficial inguinal LN

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18
Q

lymph drainage of thigh (superficial)

A

superficial inguinal LN

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19
Q

lymph drainage of lateral side of dorsum of foot

A

popliteal

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20
Q

right lymphatic duct drains…

A

right arm and right half of head

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21
Q

thoracic duct drains…

A

everything that right lymphatic duct does not

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22
Q

red pulp of spleen

A

SINUSOIDS: long vasc channels with fenestrated “barrel hoop” BM.

macrophages nearby.

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23
Q

white pulp of spleen

A

T cells in periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS).

B cells in follicles.

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24
Q

what do splenic macros remove?

A

encapsulated bacteria

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25
Q

what happens with splenic dysfunction?

A

decrease IgM = decrease complement activation = decrease C3b opsonization =
INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ENCAPSULATED ORGANISMS

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26
Q

encapsulated organisms

A 
SHINS:
Salmonella.
H.influenzae.
N.meningitidis.
S.pneumoniae.
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27
Q

findings in postsplenectomy

A
  1. Howell-Jolly bodies: nuclear remnants.
  2. target cells.
  3. thrombocytosis.
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28
Q

thymus

A

site of T cell differentiation and maturation

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29
Q

thymus derived from…?

A

epith of 3rd branchial pouches

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30
Q

lymphocyte origin

A

mesenchyme

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31
Q

cortex of thymus

A

dense with immature T cells

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32
Q

medulla of thymus

A

pale with mature T cells and epith reticular cells.

contains Hassall’s corpuscles.

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33
Q

where does positive selection occur in thymus?

A

cortex

MHC restriction

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34
Q

where does negative selection occur in thymus?

A

medulla

nonreactive to self

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35
Q

innate immunity

A

receptors recognize GERMLINE encoded pathogens.

fast, nonspecific.
no memory.

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36
Q

cells in innate response

A 
neutrophils.
macrophages.
dendritic cells.
natural killer.
complement.
37
Q

adaptive immunity

A

receptors recognize pathogens that undergo VDJ recombination during lymphocyte development.

slow on first expo.
memory response is faster, more robust.

38
Q

cells in adaptive immunity

A

T cells.
B cells.
circulating Ab.

39
Q

MHC role

A

present Ag fragments to T cells.

bind TCR.

40
Q

MHC I

A

encoded by HLA-A, B, C.
expressed on ALL NUCLEATED cells.

Ag loaded in RER with mostly intracellular peptides.

41
Q

what cell does not express MHC I?

A

RBC (no nucleus)

42
Q

MHC I mediates immunity against…?

A

viruses

43
Q

what does MHC I pair with?

A

beta 2 microglobulin (aids in transport to cell surface)

44
Q

MHC II

A

encoded by HLA-DR, DP, DQ.
expressed only on APCs.

Ag loaded following release of invariant chain in acidified endosome.

45
Q

HLA-A3

A

hemochromatosis

46
Q

HLA-B27

A

Psoriasis.
Ankylosing spondylitis.
IBD.
Reiter’s syndrome.

47
Q

HLA-B8

A

Grave’s disease

48
Q

HLA-DR2

A

Multiple sclerosis.
Hay fever.
SLE.
Goodpastures.

“2 Dr’s: Me and Hieu So Good”

49
Q

HLA-DR3

A

diabetes mellitus type I

50
Q

HLA-DR4

A

diabetes mellitus type I.

rheumatoid arthritis.

51
Q

HLA-DR5

A 
pernicious anemia (B12 def).
Hashimoto thyroiditis.
52
Q

HLA-DR7

A

steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome

53
Q

natural killer cells

A

use PERFORIN and GRANZYME to induce apoptosis in virally infected cells and tumor cells (NOT direct lysis)

54
Q

which cytokines enhance NK action?

A

IL-12
IFN-a
IFN-b
IFN-g

55
Q

NK cell surface markers

A

CD16 OR CD56

56
Q

what induces NK cells to kill?

A

exposure to nonspecific activation signal on TARGET CELL or an absence of MHC I on target cell surface

57
Q

which cell is the only lymphocyte member of innate imm system?

A

NK cells

58
Q

B cell functions

A
  1. make Ab.
  2. type I hypersens: IgE.
  3. type II, III hypersens: IgG.
  4. hyperacute organ rejection.
59
Q

T cell functions

A
  1. CD4+: help B cells make Ab. make IFN-g to activate macros.
  2. CD8+: kill virus-infected cells directly.
  3. type IV delayed hypersens: cell-mediated.
  4. acute and chronic organ rejection.
60
Q

which Ab class is needed for opsonizing bact, neutralizing viruses?

A

IgG

61
Q

which Ab class is needed for activating complement?

A

IgG, IgM

62
Q

which Ab class is needed for sensitizing mast cells?

A

IgE

63
Q

which Ab class is needed for type I hypersensitivity (allergy)?

A

IgE

64
Q

which Ab class is needed for type II (cytotoxic) and type III (immune complex)?

A

IgG

65
Q

positive selection

A

occurs in thymic cortex.

T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self MHC molecules survive.

66
Q

negative selection

A

occurs in thymic medulla.

T cells expressing TCRs with HIGH AFFINITY for self Ags undergo apoptosis.

67
Q

what cytokine induces helper T cell transformation into Th1?

A

IL-12

68
Q

what cytokine induces helper T cell transformation into Th2?

A

IL-4

69
Q

antigen-presenting cells

A
  1. dendritic cells.
  2. macrophages.
  3. B cells.
70
Q

which APC can activate naive T cells?

A

dendritic cells

71
Q

Th1 cell function

A
  1. regulate cell-mediated response.
  2. secrete IL-2, IFN-g.
  3. activate macros and CD8+ T cells.
  4. inhibited by IL-10 (from Th2).
72
Q

Th2 cell function

A
  1. regulate humoral response.
  2. secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-10.
  3. help B cells make Ab.
  4. inhibited by INF-g (from Th1).
73
Q

which Ab is produced more by B cells (aided by Th2)?

A

IgE > IgG

74
Q

macrophage-lymphocyte interaction

A

activated lymphocytes secrete IFN-g.
macrophages release IL-1, TNF-a.

= stimulate each other.

75
Q

cytotoxic CD8+ T cells

A

kill virus-infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells by INDUCTING APOPTOSIS

76
Q

cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T cells contain…?

A

preformed proteins:

  1. perforin
  2. granzyme
  3. granulysin
77
Q

perforin

A

helps deliver content of granules INTO target cell

78
Q

granzyme

A

serine protease.

activates apoptosis inside target cell.

79
Q

granulysin

A

antimicrobial.

induces apoptosis.

80
Q

regulatory T cells

A

help maintain specific immune tolerance by SUPPRESSING CD4 and CD8 T cell effector functions.

81
Q

surface markers of regulatory T cells

A

CD3, CD4, CD25

82
Q

cytokines produced by regulatory T cells

A

ANTI-inflammatory:

IL-10 and TGF-b

83
Q

what portion of Ab recognizes Ag?

A

variable part of L and H chains

84
Q

what portion of Ab fixes complement?

A

Fc portion (IgG, IgM)

85
Q

Fab portion

A 
Ab-binding fragment.
determines IDIOTYPE (Ag-specfic).
86
Q

Fc portion

A

Constant.
Carboxy terminal.
Carbohydrate side chains.
Complement binding.

determines ISOTYPE (IgM, D, G, etc).

87
Q

Ab functions

A
  1. opsonization.
  2. neutralization.
  3. complement activation.
88
Q

Ab diversity

A
  1. random recombination of VJ (light chain) or VDJ (heavy chain) genes.
  2. random combination of heavy with light chains.
  3. somatic hypermutation - after Ag stimulation.
  4. addition of nucleotides to DNA during recombination (by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)

Pathology (10 decks)

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