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PMLS MIDTERMS > Immuno-Serology > Flashcards

Immuno-Serology Flashcards

1
Q

study of an individual’s reactions when foreign substances are
introduced into the body.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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2
Q

-condition of being resistant to infection
-state of protection from infectious disease.

A

IMMUNITY

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3
Q

foreign substance (non-self) that may be specifically bound by
an antibody molecule

A

ANTIGEN

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4
Q

molecules that stimulate immune responses

A

IMMUNOGEN

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5
Q

antigen and immunogen relationship

A

“All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are
immunogens.”

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6
Q

protein (immunoglobulin)
found in the blood plasma
produced by plasma cells, which are derived from B
lymphocytes, in response to a foreign antigen

A

ANTIBODY

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7
Q

specializes in laboratory detection
and measurement of a specific antibody that is produced as a
response to exposure to an antigen

A

SEROLOGY

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8
Q

study of vitro antigen-antibody reactions

A

SEROLOGY

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9
Q

he observed that only those who
had recovered from the plague could nurse
the sick

A

Thucydides

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10
Q

outbreak of plague in Athens in __

A

430 B.C.,

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11
Q

practice of variolation to
prevent the acquisition of smallpox.

A

Chinese

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12
Q

process where dried crusts
derived from smallpox were directly
inhaled by patients.

A

Variolation

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13
Q

He started the practice of vaccination

A

Edward Jenner (1978)

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14
Q

Edward Jenner (1978)

A

“cow”

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15
Q

practice of vaccination in an attempt to produce

A

therapeutic procedure against smallpox

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16
Q

first person to receive vaccination

A

James Phipps

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17
Q

first to observe attenuation and
coined the term “vaccine.

A

Louis Pasteur

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18
Q

process of making something weaker.

A

Attenuation

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19
Q

first to demonstrate that it
was possible to attenuate, or weaken, a
pathogen and administer the attenuated
strain as a vaccine.

A

Louis Pasteur

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20
Q

succeeded in growing the
bacterium thought to cause fowl cholera in
culture

A

Louis Pasteur

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21
Q

chickens injected with the cultured bacterium developed __.

A

fowl cholera

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22
Q

first to vaccinate sheep

A

Louis Pasteur

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23
Q

first to vaccinate sheep using

A

heat-attenuated anthrax bacillus.

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24
Q

successfully immunized a young
boy against rabies.

A

Louis Pasteur

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25
Q

tested the proposed rabies vaccine
with success in dogs and observed that all
immunized animals survived a rabies exposure.

A

Emil Roux

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26
Q

administered the untested rabies vaccine
in humans

A

Louis Pasteur

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27
Q

9-year-old boy,
who had been bitten and mauled by a rabid dog.

A

Joseph Meister,

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28
Q

Demonstrated that serum from animals previously immunized to diphtheria could transfer the immune state to unimmunized animals.

A

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

29
Q

Demonstrated that that a fraction of serum first called gamma-globulin (now immunoglobulin) was shown to be responsible for immunity.

A

Elvin Kabat

30
Q

immunity was mediated by antibodies contained in body fluids (known then as humors), it was called

A

humoral immunity

31
Q

Demonstrated that cells also contribute to the immune state of an animal. He observed that phagocytes were able to ingest (phagocytose) microorganisms and other foreign material.

A

Eli Metchnikoff

32
Q

cells were the major effector of immunity, becoming the first
proponent of

A

cellular immunity.

33
Q

what did Eli Metchnikoff used to demonstrate cellular immunity

A

starfish and thorn

34
Q

transferring immunity against tuberculosis by transferring
WBCs between guinea pigs, reinforcing the claims of cellular immunity.

A

Merril Chase

35
Q

Lymphocyte was identified as the cell responsible for both cellular and humoral immunity.

A

Improved Cell Culture Techniques (1950’s)

36
Q

experiments on chickens which indicated that there were
two types of lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

A

Bruce Glick

37
Q

derived from the thymus and from the bursa of Fabricius, respectively.

A

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

38
Q

mediated cellular immunity lymphocyte

A

T

39
Q

mediated humoral immunity lymphocyte

A

B

40
Q
  • native immunity
  • consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms
  • response in innate immunity remains the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed.
A

INNATE IMMUNITY

41
Q

already in place even before infection and poised to respond
rapidly to infections

A

cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms

42
Q
  • acquired immunity
  • will only be produced after an antigenic challenge to the human host
    -ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure
    -specificity for each individual pathogen or microbial agent.
A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

43
Q
  • mediated by T lymphocytes
  • principal defense mechanism against intracellular microbes
  • responsible for killing infected cells.
A

Cellular Immunity

44
Q
  • primarily mediated by antibodies produced by plasma cells, which are derived from B lymphocytes
  • the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes
A

Humoral Immunity

45
Q

innate
immunological memory
specificity
response time constancy

A

+

46
Q

adaptive
immunological memory
specificity
response time constancy

A

+
+
-

47
Q

pre existing innate immunity
non specific

A

skin
mucosal barrier
ph, saliva, proteases

48
Q

induced innate immunity
broad recognition

A

complement activation
phagocytosis
target cell lysis
inflammation

49
Q

induced adaptive immunity
specific recognition

A

B cells (antibodies)
Th cells (cytokines)
Tc cells (cytolysis)

50
Q

Anatomic barriers 1st line of defense

A

Intact skin, Mucous membranes

51
Q

Physiologic processes 1st line of defense

A

Sneezing, coughing, vomiting,
gag reflex, constant motion of ciliated epithelial cells
in the respiratory tract

52
Q

Normal microbiota (Normal flora) 1st line of defense

A

Nonpathogenic bacteria that are usually found in certain parts of the body such as the throat and intestines

53
Q

Secretions 1st line of defense

A

Sweat, mucus, earwax (cerumen), saliva,
tears, lactic acid in sweat, stomach acid
Very low pH of vagina and stomach

54
Q

Phagocytes SECOND LINE OF
DEFENSE

A

Monocytes, Macrophages, Neutrophils,
Natural Killer cells

55
Q

second line of defense

A

Phagocytes
Inflammatory reaction
Complement System

56
Q

Cellular components 3rd line of defense

A

Lymphocytes- T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Plasma cells

57
Q

Humoral components 3rd line of defense

A

Antibodies, cytokines

58
Q
  • diagnostic tools for the detection of syphilis
  • detect the presence of reagin antibodies which are antibodies
    against cardiolipin
  • Include: Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test
A

NON-TREPONEMAL ANTIBODY TESTS

59
Q

almost always produced by persons with syphilis
but not specific for syphilis
can be produced in other infectious diseases

A

Reagin antibodies

60
Q
  • This test is being utilized as a diagnostic tool for the detection of Hepatitis B infection
  • Current infection with Hepatitis B virus is indicated by the presence of HBsAg
  • Presence of HBs also indicates that the patient is infectious
A

HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) Test

61
Q
  • The presence of anti-HBs is generally interpreted
A

Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B Surface Antibody) Test

62
Q

usually produced by individuals who have
been successfully vaccinated against Hepatitis B and those that have recovered successfully from Hepatitis B infection.

A

Anti-HBs antibodies

63
Q
  • Diagnostic tool for the detection of Enteric fever and Typhoid fever
  • This test detects the presence of antibodies to disease-causing Salmonella organisms.
A

WIDAL TEST

64
Q

screening test for dengue viral infection and as an aid for the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary
infection.

A

DENGUE IgG/IgM TEST

65
Q

indicative of past dengue infection

A

IgG Positive Only

66
Q

indicative of primary (first-time) dengue
infection

A

IgM Positive Only

67
Q

indicative of secondary dengue infection

A

Both IgG and IgM Positive

68
Q
  • detects of the presence of Non-Structural protein NS1 of the
    dengue virus
  • detectable during the acute phase of dengue virus infection,
    especially during the first seven (7) days of symptoms
A

DENGUE NS1 TEST

69
Q

Designed to detect both dengue virus NS1 antigen and antibodies to dengue virus (Dengue IgG and IgM).

A

DENGUE DUO TEST

PMLS MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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