Immuno-Serology Flashcards by Aubs Ganda

study of an individual’s reactions when foreign substances are
introduced into the body.

IMMUNOLOGY

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-condition of being resistant to infection
-state of protection from infectious disease.

IMMUNITY

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foreign substance (non-self) that may be specifically bound by
an antibody molecule

ANTIGEN

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molecules that stimulate immune responses

IMMUNOGEN

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antigen and immunogen relationship

“All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are
immunogens.”

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protein (immunoglobulin)
found in the blood plasma
produced by plasma cells, which are derived from B
lymphocytes, in response to a foreign antigen

ANTIBODY

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specializes in laboratory detection
and measurement of a specific antibody that is produced as a
response to exposure to an antigen

SEROLOGY

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study of vitro antigen-antibody reactions

SEROLOGY

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he observed that only those who
had recovered from the plague could nurse
the sick

Thucydides

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outbreak of plague in Athens in __

430 B.C.,

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practice of variolation to
prevent the acquisition of smallpox.

Chinese

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process where dried crusts
derived from smallpox were directly
inhaled by patients.

Variolation

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He started the practice of vaccination

Edward Jenner (1978)

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Edward Jenner (1978)

“cow”

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practice of vaccination in an attempt to produce

therapeutic procedure against smallpox

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first person to receive vaccination

James Phipps

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first to observe attenuation and
coined the term “vaccine.

Louis Pasteur

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process of making something weaker.

Attenuation

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first to demonstrate that it
was possible to attenuate, or weaken, a
pathogen and administer the attenuated
strain as a vaccine.

Louis Pasteur

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succeeded in growing the
bacterium thought to cause fowl cholera in
culture

Louis Pasteur

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chickens injected with the cultured bacterium developed __.

fowl cholera

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first to vaccinate sheep

Louis Pasteur

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first to vaccinate sheep using

heat-attenuated anthrax bacillus.

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successfully immunized a young
boy against rabies.

Louis Pasteur

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tested the proposed rabies vaccine with success in dogs and observed that all immunized animals survived a rabies exposure.

Emil Roux

administered the untested rabies vaccine in humans

Louis Pasteur

9-year-old boy, who had been bitten and mauled by a rabid dog.

Joseph Meister,

Demonstrated that serum from animals previously immunized to diphtheria could transfer the immune state to unimmunized animals.

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

Demonstrated that that a fraction of serum first called gamma-globulin (now immunoglobulin) was shown to be responsible for immunity.

Elvin Kabat

immunity was mediated by antibodies contained in body fluids (known then as humors), it was called

humoral immunity

Demonstrated that cells also contribute to the immune state of an animal. He observed that phagocytes were able to ingest (phagocytose) microorganisms and other foreign material.

Eli Metchnikoff

cells were the major effector of immunity, becoming the first proponent of

cellular immunity.

what did Eli Metchnikoff used to demonstrate cellular immunity

starfish and thorn

transferring immunity against tuberculosis by transferring WBCs between guinea pigs, reinforcing the claims of cellular immunity.

Merril Chase

Lymphocyte was identified as the cell responsible for both cellular and humoral immunity.

Improved Cell Culture Techniques (1950’s)

experiments on chickens which indicated that there were two types of lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

Bruce Glick

derived from the thymus and from the bursa of Fabricius, respectively.

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

mediated cellular immunity lymphocyte

mediated humoral immunity lymphocyte

- native immunity - consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms - response in innate immunity remains the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed.

INNATE IMMUNITY

already in place even before infection and poised to respond rapidly to infections

cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms

- acquired immunity - will only be produced after an antigenic challenge to the human host -ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure -specificity for each individual pathogen or microbial agent.

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

- mediated by T lymphocytes - principal defense mechanism against intracellular microbes - responsible for killing infected cells.

Cellular Immunity

- primarily mediated by antibodies produced by plasma cells, which are derived from B lymphocytes - the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes

Humoral Immunity

innate immunological memory specificity response time constancy

- - +

adaptive immunological memory specificity response time constancy

+ + -

pre existing innate immunity non specific

skin mucosal barrier ph, saliva, proteases

induced innate immunity broad recognition

complement activation phagocytosis target cell lysis inflammation

induced adaptive immunity specific recognition

B cells (antibodies) Th cells (cytokines) Tc cells (cytolysis)

Anatomic barriers 1st line of defense

Intact skin, Mucous membranes

Physiologic processes 1st line of defense

Sneezing, coughing, vomiting, gag reflex, constant motion of ciliated epithelial cells in the respiratory tract

Normal microbiota (Normal flora) 1st line of defense

Nonpathogenic bacteria that are usually found in certain parts of the body such as the throat and intestines

Secretions 1st line of defense

Sweat, mucus, earwax (cerumen), saliva, tears, lactic acid in sweat, stomach acid Very low pH of vagina and stomach

Phagocytes SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Monocytes, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Natural Killer cells

second line of defense

Phagocytes Inflammatory reaction Complement System

Cellular components 3rd line of defense

Lymphocytes- T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Plasma cells

Humoral components 3rd line of defense

Antibodies, cytokines

- diagnostic tools for the detection of syphilis - detect the presence of reagin antibodies which are antibodies against cardiolipin - Include: Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test

NON-TREPONEMAL ANTIBODY TESTS

almost always produced by persons with syphilis but not specific for syphilis can be produced in other infectious diseases

Reagin antibodies

- This test is being utilized as a diagnostic tool for the detection of Hepatitis B infection - Current infection with Hepatitis B virus is indicated by the presence of HBsAg - Presence of HBs also indicates that the patient is infectious

HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) Test

- The presence of anti-HBs is generally interpreted

Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B Surface Antibody) Test

usually produced by individuals who have been successfully vaccinated against Hepatitis B and those that have recovered successfully from Hepatitis B infection.

Anti-HBs antibodies

- Diagnostic tool for the detection of Enteric fever and Typhoid fever - This test detects the presence of antibodies to disease-causing Salmonella organisms.

WIDAL TEST

screening test for dengue viral infection and as an aid for the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary infection.

DENGUE IgG/IgM TEST

indicative of past dengue infection

IgG Positive Only

indicative of primary (first-time) dengue infection

IgM Positive Only

indicative of secondary dengue infection

Both IgG and IgM Positive

- detects of the presence of Non-Structural protein NS1 of the dengue virus - detectable during the acute phase of dengue virus infection, especially during the first seven (7) days of symptoms

DENGUE NS1 TEST

Designed to detect both dengue virus NS1 antigen and antibodies to dengue virus (Dengue IgG and IgM).

DENGUE DUO TEST