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SFM > Immuno > Flashcards

Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

What microbe and mechanism evades phagocytosis

A

Pneumococci via poysaccharides

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2
Q

What is leukopenia

A

Reduced circulating WBC
Results from neutropenia
Often caused by chemo/radiation

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3
Q

Key featuresof basophils (3)

A

Polymorphonuclear granule cell
Reside in the blood
Fight parasites or involved in allergic rxns

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4
Q

What is the role of KIRs in NK cells

A

Recognize MHC1 (self) to activate a phosphatase and inhibit KAR activity on NK cells

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5
Q

T helper cells function

A

CD3,4,8

In CMI they activate macros to kill phagocytized microbes

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6
Q

3 methods of microbe killing by neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
NET (neutron extracellular trap) - use their DNA like a net outside of the cell to capture pathogens for degradation

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7
Q

How do autoimmune disorders arise?

A

From responses against self Ags (DAMPS)

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8
Q

TLR1:TLR2
Ligands?
Microorgansims?
Receptor location?

A

Lipopeptides, GPI
Bacteria and parasites (Trypanosomes)
Plasma Membrane

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9
Q

Key features of dendritic cells (3)

A

Mononuclear
APC/effector cells
Activates T cells

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10
Q

Key features of eosinophils (4)

A

Polymorphonucelar granule cells
Have large secondary granules (key feature) w/ 4 proteins
- Histamine, peroxidase, lipase, major basic protein
Defend against parasites and role in allergy

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11
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Elevated WBC count
Usually caused by neutrophilia
Used as a common sign of infxn

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12
Q

What chemokine on the endothelial surface is responsible for binding to the neutrophil and activates adhesion molecules

A

IL-8

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13
Q

Key features of macrophage (4)

A

Mononuclear
Reside in the tissue
Fulfill tissue-specific fxns
when activated they secrete cytokines

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14
Q

What is the role of IL-12

A

Its production leads to an adaptive immunity response

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15
Q

Role of plasmacytoid DCs

A

IFN-producing cells that circulate blood and peripheral tissue

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16
Q

Describe the complement system pathway

A

C1 binds antigen -> C2 and C4 split in two -> form C3 convertase -> C3 convertase splits C3 into C3a (chemoattractant) and C3b (opsonization)-> C3 convertase + C3b form C5 convertase -> C5 convertase splits C5-> C5a (chemoattractant to make BV permeable) and C5b fragment joins C6,7,8,9 -> MAC complex formed that makes holes in infected cell PM -> Cell lysis

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17
Q

What are myeloid cells and what stimulating factors controls them

A

G-CSF (granulytes)
First line of defense, blood granulytic cells (neutro, baso, eisono)

M-CSF (monocytes)
Develop into monocytes, dendritic cells or macrophages

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18
Q

Role of monocyte dendritic cells

A

Derived from monocytes, present ags to T cells

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19
Q

TLR2:TLR6
Ligand?
Microorganisms?
Receptor Location?

A

Lipoteichonic acid, Zymosan
G+ bacteria, yeasts
Plasma membrane

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20
Q

What is the key inflammatory cytokine in gout

A

IL-1B

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21
Q

Describe clonal selection

A

A B or T cell that has a receptor for a specific Ag that enters the body will quickly bind to it and stimulate proliferation of that immune cell

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22
Q

Mucous membranes contain ___ which trap and propel microorganisms out of the body

A

Cilia

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23
Q

Role of NK cells in viral response

A

Activated KAR receptor recognize stress molecules MICA and MICB to activate protein tyr kinase (phosphorylated so it kills the cell)

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24
Q

What microbe and mechanism evades resistance to the complement pathway

A

Neisseria meningitis via sialic acid to inhibt C3/C5 convertase
Streptococci blocks C3 binding to cell and complement receptors

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25
Q

What microbe and mechanism evades antimicrobial peptide antibiotics

A

Pseudomonas synthesize modified LPS

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26
Q

Difference between classically and alternatively activated monocyte pathways

A

Classic: induced by microbial binding, release IFN-gamma, pro-inflammatory
Alternative: induced by IL-4 and IL-13, release TGF-B, anti-inflammatory

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27
Q

What is the purpose of sebum and where is it produced

A

Produced in the skin as an extra layer of defense; low pH which inhibits microbial growth

28
Q

____ and ____ on the neutrophil cause binding to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (adhesion molecules) on endothelial cells for ADHESION

A

LFA-1 and VLA-1

29
Q

Key features of neutrophils (4)

A

Polynuclear
Most abundant type of WBC
Contain cytoplasmic granules
Produce inflammatory mediators

30
Q

What are the two main APP used for lab detection of inflammation

A

CRP and SAA

31
Q

Natural vs Artificial vs Passive immunity

A

Natural: naturally derived primary and secondary response
Artificial: exposure to attenuated pathogen (vaccine)
Passive: patient receives someone elses Abs for therapeutic treatment

32
Q

In apoptosis,DAMPS are degraded by ____

A

Macrophages

33
Q

Key features of monocytes (3)

A

Mononuclear
Main type of mononuclear phag in blood
Become macro when they enter tissue

34
Q

Key features of mast cells (3)

A

Polymorphonuclear granule cell
Kill multicellular pathogens
Tissue fixed cell/Sentinel cell

35
Q

What is the role of type 1 interferons

A

Induces the expression of proteins that block VIRAL replication

36
Q

What microbe and mechanism evades ROS in phagocytes

A

Staphylcocci produce catalse which breaks down ROS

37
Q

What tests, stain and technique needed for blood smear

A

CBC + DIFF
Giemsa stain
CLuster of differentiation + fluorescent microscopy to differentiate B/T/NK cells

38
Q

5 Cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Swelling 
Redness
Heat 
Pain 
Loss of fxn
39
Q

TLR 9
Ligand?
Microorganisms?
Receptor location?

A

Unmethylated CpG-rich DNA
Bacteria, Viruses (Herpes virus)
Endosomes

40
Q

Describe the humoral innate response

A

Acute phase proteins (such as SAA) that are naturally derived in the body respond to ags. In the body to kill the infected cell

41
Q

What cytokines are released to trigger sickness behavior syndrome

A

TNF-A, IL-1 and IL-6

42
Q

TLR 5
Ligands?
Microorganisms?
Receptor location?

A

Flagellin
Bacteria w/ flagellum
PM

43
Q

Difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity

A

Humoral: mediated by antibodies in the bodily fluids (B cells)
Cell-mediated: receptors on phagocytes are used to detect and destroy pathogens (T cells)

44
Q

What are the three signals for lymphocyte activation

A

1) Recognition of ag by T cell
2) APC express regulatory molecules
3) Cytokine production by innate cells

45
Q

Mast cells contain IL-___

A

8

46
Q

Function of B cells

A

CD19,20

Once activated it leads to development of humoral immunity producing immunoglobulins (Abs)

47
Q

What are two anti-inflammatory cytokine and what releases it

A

IL-10 andn TGF-B

Macro, DC, T cells

48
Q

Difference between primary and secondary response

A

Primary: very first response to the infxn
Secondary: the second time the host is infected by same antigen -> more rapid and efficient response

49
Q

TLR7
Ligand?
Microorganisms?
Receptor location?

A

1x viral RNA
Viruses (HIV)
Endosomes

50
Q

What chemokine is responsible for inducing repair via fibroblasts

A

TGF-B

51
Q

Cytotoxic T cells function

A

CD3,4,8

In CMI they DIRECTLY destroy infected cells

52
Q

____ cause vasodilation in the innate immune response with the help of ____

A

Mast cells, bradykinin

53
Q

What are 3 main mechanisms phagocytes use to destroy cells

A

Enzymes, ROS, NO

54
Q

TLR3
Ligands?
Microorganisms?
Receptor location?

A

2x viral RNA
Viruses (west nile virus)
Endosomes

55
Q

TLR4:TLR4
Ligands?
Microorganisms?
Receptor location?

A

Lipopolysaccharide
G-
PM

56
Q

What is the respiratory burst

A

Increased O2 consumption leading to the production of free radicals and H2O2, activation of antimicrobial enzymes

57
Q

What is the role of Nuclear Factor-kB

A

Activates cytokines and adhesion
Most important TF for inflammation
(Steroids take NF-kB out of nucleus to prevent inflammation)

58
Q

Fever is induced by ____ releasing the cytokines ___, ___, and ____

A

Macrophages; TNF, IL-1, IL-6

59
Q

Summarize Alternative pathway

A

Tickover allows for autoactivation which generates C3a and C3b -> C3b bind factor B to cleave it into Ba and Bb by factor D -> C3bBb is formed -> MAC formation same as classic
Serum protein properdin stabilizes C3bBb interactions

60
Q

Function of the mannose receptor in immune response

A

It is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes a PAMP with mannose on the terminal end, which is not found in human cells

61
Q

TLR8
Ligand?
Microorganisms?
Receptor location?

A

1x viral RNA
Viruses (flu)
Endosome

62
Q

Describe hypersensitivity

A

Results from a specific memory response from re-exposure; can have damaging effects on host tissues

63
Q

Natural killer cells function

A

CD56
Fxn as innate cells but generated from lymphoid cells in BM
Receptors have no ag specificty or memory; kills anything that doesnt have a non-self ag

64
Q

What is the function of the inflammasome

A

NLRs on the inflammasome recognize PAMPs -> signal cascade activates NF-kB, caspse-1, IL-1B, IL-18

65
Q

_____ and _____ (adhesion molecules) on surface of endothelial cells bind with _____ and _____ (receptors) on neutrophils to allow neutrophil ROLLING

A

P-selectin, E-selectin; PSGL-1,ESL-1

66
Q

What causes Urticaria Pigmentosa

A

Symptoms are localized to the skin
Due to increased mast cells w/in tissues (mastocytosis) -> itching, hives, possible anaphylatic shock due to histamine release

SFM (4 decks)

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