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Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Creutzfield-Jakob/Mad Cow Disease
Cause?
Symptoms?

A

Caused form misfolding of prion proteins (transmissable disease)
Falling memory, behavior changes, lack of coordiantion, visual disturbances

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2
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Use H2O2 to beta oxidate LCFAs
Synthesis of bile acid
Synthesis of cholesterol
Site for alcohol detoxification

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3
Q

Gastric Carcinoma

A

Family: herpesvirus
Type: EBV

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4
Q

Becker Muscle Dystrophy
Mutation?
Clinical presentation?

A

In frame deletion causing truncated dystrophin

Milder form of DMD

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5
Q

Protein sorting signal for membrane destination

A

N-terminal apolar sequence

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6
Q

Describe the effect of whooping cough on GPCR

A

In Gi pathway -> prevents activation of Ga subunit so overproduction of cAMP in airway epithileal cells -> loss of fluids and excessive mucous secretion

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7
Q

Puromycin

Stage and action

A

Elongation -> premature chain termination in both euk/pro

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8
Q

Explain the role of caffeine in GPCR

A

Inhibits cAMP PD -> increased cAMP levels -> increased heart rate

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9
Q

Explain the Gi pathway

A

Inhibits adenylate cyclase which results in second messenger destruction

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10
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Family: Herpesvirus
Type: KSHV
Cofactor: AIDS

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11
Q

ATL tumor

A

Family: Retrovirus
Type: HTLV-1
Cofactor: genetic

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12
Q

Burkitts Lymphoma

A

Family: herpesvirus
Type: EBV
Cofactor: malaria

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13
Q

Transcription Factors needed to induce pluripotency (4)

A

Nanog, Fox D3, Sox2, Oct4

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14
Q

G1 Checkpoint fast response

A

Chk2 inactivates cdc25 to inhibit Cdk2-CyclinE

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15
Q

Cdc25B phosphatase function

A

G2 -> M

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16
Q

Explain the Gq pathway

A

Activates phospholipase C -> iP3 causes release of calcium as a 2ndary messenger -> activate DAG -> activate protein kinases

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17
Q

What is the important AA in collagen assembly

A

Lysine

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18
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia
Mutation?
Cause?
Clinical Presentation?

A

Missense in Human beta-globin gene
Glu (acidic) -> Val (hydrophobic)
RBC w/ sickle shape, poor O2 capacity and clog arteries

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19
Q

Role of chemo antimetabolites

A

Analogue of DNA that prevents synthesis of corresponding base

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20
Q

Explain the Gt pathway

A

Light acts as ligand and Stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase

Allows brain to translate photons into vision

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breakdown proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids to be reused

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22
Q

MCV

A

Family: Polyomavirus
Type: marked cell cancer
Cofactor: UV immunosuppression

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23
Q

Cdk1-Cyclin A function

Cdk1-Cyclin B function

A

Triggers G2 -> M
(Cyclin A is synthesized in S; destroyed in prometaphase)
(Cyclin B synthesized in S/G2; destroyed after spindle attachment)

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24
Q

Explain the role of viagra

A

Prevent cGMP PD from hydrolyzing -> increases cellular cGMP -> smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

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25
Q

Cdk4,6 - NF D1-D3

Function

A

Phosphorylate retinoblastoma in G1 to allow transition

- can also stim Cyclin E production (which coordinates the next checkpoint)

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26
Q

Describe the effect of whooping cough on GPCR

A

In Gi pathway -> prevents activation of Ga subunit so overproduction of cAMP in airway epithileal cells -> loss of fluids and excessive mucous secretion

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27
Q

Type 1 viral oncogene (transducing)

A

Oncogene carried in retrovirus

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28
Q

Ras pathway

A

Ras —> MAPK -> Myc gene -> Myc protein -> Cyclin D-Cdk4 and Cyclin E-Cdk2 -> Enter S phase

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29
Q

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Cause

A

Cholesterol uptake is disrupted due to mutation in LDL receptor

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31
Q

Streptomycin

stage and action

A

Initiation -> Bind 30s preventing it from forming with 50S

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32
Q

Cycloheximide

Stage and action

A

Elongation -> inhibit euk peptidyl transferase

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33
Q

Explain autocrine signaling via interleukin-1

A

IL-1 produced by T lymph promote their own replication in immune response

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34
Q

Type 2 viral oncogene (non-transducing)

A

Oncogene activated by proviral insertion

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35
Q

Explain the role of caffeine in GPCR

A

Inhibits cAMP PD -> increased cAMP levels -> increased heart rate

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36
Q

Skin Cancer

A

Family: Papillomavirus
Type: HPV
Cofactor: genetic disorder, UV, immunosuppression

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38
Q

Erythromycin

Stage and action

A

Elongation/Translocation -> Bind 50s

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39
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Mutation?
Clinical presentation?

A

Frameshift mutation in dystrophin gene

Voluntary and involuntary muscle wasting

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40
Q

Cdc25B phosphatase substrate

A

Cdk1

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41
Q

Hodgkins Lymphoma

A

Family: herpesvirus
Type: EBV

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41
Q

Role of chemo platinum derivatives

A

Prevents DNA binding

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42
Q

Explain juxtacrine signaling via HB-EGF

A

Binds to EGF receptor in immune cells

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43
Q

Secondary Lysosome (active lysosome)

A

Forms when primary lysosome forms w/ late endosome

-Enzymes are active

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44
Q

Cdc25C Phosphatase function

A

Promote G2 -> M

Dephosphorylate Cdk1 complexed w/ cyclin A and B

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46
Q

Osmolality Equation

A

(2[NA]) + ([glucose]/18) + ([BUN]/2.8)

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46
Q

Primary effusion Lymphomas

A

Family: herpesvirus
Type: KSHV

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48
Q

Protein sorting signal for secretion

A

Trp-rich domain signal

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49
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

Family: herpesvirus
Type: EBV
Cofactor: Nitrosamines, genetics

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50
Q

G1 Checkpoint slow response

A

P53 activate p21 to inhibit Cdk4/6-Cyclin D

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51
Q

Protein sorting signal for lysosome destination

A

Mannose 6-P

52
Q

Protein sorting signal for ER Lumen destination

A

C-terminal KDEL signal

55
Q

Explain endocrine signaling via epinephrine

A

Released by adrenal medulla -> freely diffuses to acts on heart muscle

56
Q

INK4:p16 substrates

A

CDK 4/6

57
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Site for:
Modification of carbs —> glycoproteins
Polysaccharide
Synthesis of Sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids
Packing and sorting secretory products into lipids

58
Q

Purpose of ras-independent pathway

A

GLUT 4 movement and activation of enzyme

59
Q

Smooth ER

A 
Site for:
Glycogen metabolism
Lipid synthesis
Detoxification 
Ca regulation 
Steroid synthesis
60
Q 
Apoptosis
Cells ?
Inflammation? 
Regulated? 
Biochem?
A

Cells: hematopoietic
Infl: No
Regulated: Yes
Biochem: membrane loses asymmetry, Phos-serine on outer membrane

61
Q 
Necrosis 
Cells involved ? 
Inflammation ? 
Biochem ? 
Regulated?
A

Cells: All
Infl: yes
Biochem: failure of ion transport -> ATP depleted and pH imbalance
Not regulated

62
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into

A

Becomes cartilage and connective tissue (bone marrow and adipose)

63
Q

Tetracycline

Stage and action

A

Elongation -> bind 30s to block tRNA entry

64
Q

CKI:p27 (substrates are most Cdk-cyclin complexes)

Function?

A

Cycle arrest in response to growth supressors, TGF-B

66
Q

Diptheria Toxin

Stage and action

A

Elongation/Translocation -> Inactivate EF2-GTP

67
Q

General mechanism of RTKs

A

1) ligand binds causing a conformational change
2) Causes dimerization
3) specific tyrosine phosphorylation
4) recognized by adaptor/docking proteins

68
Q

Cdc25A phosphatase function

A

Promotes G1 -> S and G2 -> M

68
Q

Mitotic catastrophe
Cells?
Inflammation?
Biochem?

A

Cells: dividing
Inflammation: No
Biochem: abnormal CDK1/Cyclin B activation

69
Q

What vitamin is essential for collagen assembly

A

Ascorbic Acid

70
Q

Explain the role of viagra

A

Prevent cGMP PD from hydrolyzing -> increases cellular cGMP -> smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

71
Q

Describe the affect of cholera on GPCR

A

Biochem: effects oversecretion of Cl- -> NaCl and water leave the body -> diarrhea

72
Q

Primary Lysosome (inactive lysosome)

A

Type of lysosome that stores inactive hydrolases (enzymes)

72
Q

Cdk2-Cyclin A
Cdk2-Cyclin E
(Function)

A

Trigger G1 -> S

73
Q

Protein sorting signal for mitochondria destination

A

N-terminal hydrophobic a-helix

76
Q

Rough ER

A

Where proteins are modified and assembled to use intracellularly or for export

78
Q

Overall roles of p53

A

DNA damage -> signals for cell cycle arrest via p21, but if damage is too severe -> trigger apoptosis

80
Q

Type 4 viral oncogene (envelope)

A

Abnormal cell signaling

81
Q

AA that undergoes O-glycosylation

A

Ser, Thr

82
Q

AA affected by phosphorylation

A

Thr, Tyr, Asp, Ser, His

83
Q

CKI:p21 (functions on most Cdk-cyclin complexes)

Function?

A

Induced by p53

Induces cell-cycle arrest in DNA damage and senescence

83
Q

Restriction checkpoint in G1

A

Cdk4-Cyclin D activating formation of Cdk2-Cyclin E

84
Q

Chloramphenicol

Stage and action

A

Elongation -> inhibit peptidyl transferase

85
Q

Cdc25A Phosphatase substrate

A

Cdk 1

Cdk 2

85
Q

Role of chemo mitostatic drugs

A

Inhibits tubulin assembly

86
Q

Purpose of ras-independent pathway

A

GLUT 4 movement and activation of enzyme

87
Q

Alzheimer’s
Cause (2)?
Symptoms ?

A

1) Misfolding/aggregation of amyloid beta plaques (extra cell)
2) Hyperphosphorylation of Tau (neurofibrillary triangles) (intracell)
Loss of memory, cognitive fxn and language

89
Q

INK4:p16 function

A

Works with retinoblastoma for cycle arrest (usually in senescence), prevent Cyclin D from binding Cdk4/6

90
Q

Cdc25C Phosphatase substrate

A

Cdk1

91
Q

Senescence
Cells?
Inflammation?
Biochem?

A

Cells: all
Inflammation: yes
Biochem: same as DNA damage that activates ATM -> p53-p21 or 16-Rb

92
Q

Autophagy
Cells?
Inflammation?
Biochem?

A

All cells
No inflammation
Cell eats itself (caspase-independent)

92
Q

AA affected by N-glycosylation

A

Asn

93
Q

Purpose of the Ras-MAPK pathway

A

transcription

94
Q

Shiga Toxin and Ricin

Stage and action

A

Elongation -> Bind 60s preventing aminoacyl-tRNA entry

95
Q

What is an oncogene

A

Gene that drives cell growth and division

96
Q

Explain paracrine signaling via testosterone

A

Synthesized and secreted by leydig cells -> induces spermatogenesis in germ cells

97
Q

Hep B

A

Family: Hepadnavirus
Tumor: Heaptocellular Carcinoma
Cofactors: Alfatoxin, alcohol, smoking

101
Q

Protein sorting signal for peroxisome destination

A

C-terminal SKL signal sequence

102
Q

Explain the Gs pathway

A

Stimulates adenylate cyclase, generating cAMP and activating PKA

103
Q

Parkinsons Disease
Cause?
Symptoms?

A

Lewy bodies in dopaminergic neutrons in substantia nigra
- reduced availability of dopamine
Loss of coordination

104
Q

Describe the affect of cholera on GPCR

A

Biochem: effects oversecretion of Cl- -> NaCl and water leave the body -> diarrhea

105
Q

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A

Family: Flavivirus
Type: Hep C virus
Cofactor: Aflatoxin

106
Q

Function of Ras-MAPK pathway

A

Activate Myk (a TF) causing entry of cell into S phase

107
Q

Zellweger Spectrum disorders

Cause

A

Defects in the assembly of the peroxisomes
(12 genes —> the more that are mutated the more severe)
(No cure -> death in a year)

108
Q

Type 3 viral oncogene (non transducing long latency)

A

Retroviral transacting protein disrupt transcription regulation

109
Q

What causes the Ras receptor to activate

A

GTP binding Ras

112
Q

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Symptoms

A

Elevated LDL in plasma -> atherosclerotic plaques

112
Q

Castlemans disease

A

Family: Herpes Virus
Type: KSHV

114
Q

Cdk4, Cdk6 partners

A

Nuclear Factors D1-D3

115
Q

Purpose of the Ras-MAPK pathway

A

transcription

116
Q

General mechanism of RTKs

A

1) ligand binds causing a conformational change
2) Causes dimerization
3) specific tyrosine phosphorylation
4) recognized by adaptor/docking proteins

117
Q

Describe the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

Take oocyte with nucleus removed and combine it with somatic cell. Use patient derived nucleus to “custom make” the stem cells

118
Q

General mechanism for GPCR pathway

A

1) Ligand binds ECD causing confromational change
2) ICD activates G protein (trade a GDP for GTP)
3) GTP-boud G protein interacts w/ effector protein
4) signal termination

119
Q

Huntingtons Disease
Cause?
Symptoms?

A

Mutation causes CAG triple repeats

Selective death of cells basal ganglia

121
Q

What do hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into

A

Blood cells

122
Q

AA residue affected by Acetylation

A

Lys

124
Q

Protein sorting signal for nucleus destination

A

KKKRK (Lys, Arg rich)

126
Q

Cyclin Partners for Cdk1

A

A

B1,B2

128
Q

Role of chemo intercalating agents

A

Breaking DNA bonds via structural change (inhibit topoisomerase 2 -> condense chromosomes )

129
Q

Nucleus

A

Site for:
Cell regulation
Proliferation
DNA transcription

131
Q

Role of an signal recognition particle (SRP)

A

Targets synthesizing proteins to be translated and have PTMs w/in the ER lumen

132
Q

Clindamycin

Stage and action

A

Elongation/Translocation -> Bind 50s

133
Q

Cdk 2 cyclin partners

A

Cyclins A and E

134
Q

Role of Chemo Alkylating Agents

A

Denatures DNA via crosslinking

135
Q

Anogenital Cancer

A

Family: Papillomavirus
Type: HPV
Cofactor: smoking, oral contraceptive

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