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Pediatrics Exam 3 > Immunizations & Diseases > Flashcards

Immunizations & Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Passive (natural) Immunity

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A

Short-term immunity; introduces antibodies from another person or animal

Mother to child through placenta or milk

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2
Q

Active (natural) Immunity

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A

Immune system responds to the presence of antigens during an infection

  • Occurs when lymphocytes are activated by antigens during an infection
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3
Q

Artifical Active Immunity

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A

Dead or attenuated vaccines

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4
Q

Articicial Passive Immunity

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A

Provides an instant but temporary response (antibodies are not the body’s own so memory cells are not created)

  • often used to prevent deadly diseases like tetanus (injection of antitoxins)
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5
Q

When working in a vaccine clinic, what is the name of the important document to give patients with detailed information about the vaccine they will receive?

A

VIS (vaccine information statement)

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6
Q

Required Vaccine Documentation

A
  • date of administration
  • manufacturer
  • lot number
  • site & route
  • name, title, & address of the person giving the vaccine
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7
Q

Inactivated Vaccine

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A

Microorganism is killed, but will still produce an immune response

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8
Q

Live Vaccine

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A

Microorganism is alive, but weakened

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9
Q

Toxoid Vaccine

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A

A toxin has been weakened, but still has an effect antigen

The vaccine targets the toxin produced by the germ (rather than the germ itself)

  • Causes the body to produce antibodies to neutralize the TOXIN
  • used to protect against tetanus & diphtheria
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10
Q

Recombinant Vaccine

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A

Genetically altered organism used in a vaccine that will stimulate active immunity

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11
Q

Conjugated Vaccine

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A

An altered organism is combined with another substance to increase immune response

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12
Q

mRNA Vaccine

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A

mRNA is injected; the body then creates the genetic code for the viral protein causing the muscle cells to make the viral protein in the body which the immune system can then respond to

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13
Q

Chicken Pox / Varicella

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A
  • Spread by touching lesions, mucus, & saliva - can be airborne through coughing & sneezing.
  • Most contagious 1-2 days before rash & shortly after rash
  • contact & airborne precautions
  • Contagious until all lesions are crusted over
  • Macular rash, then papule, then vesicle, then crust
  • Have patient wear surgical mask whiel transporting
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14
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Chicken Pox

A
  • mild fever, malaise, ↓ PO intake, abdominal pain, irritability
  • macular rash → papule → vesicle → crusted lesion
  • up to 500 lesions
  • crust remain 1-3 weeks
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15
Q

Chicken Pox Treatment

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A
  • Supportive care (calamine bath, tylenol/motrin for fever)
  • IV acyclovir for those who are immunocompromised

Vaccine = varicella

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16
Q

Erythema Infectiosum / Fifth Disease / Human Parvovirus B19

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A
  • Spread through respiratory secretions including mucus & blood; droplet precautions
  • Once rash appears, individual is no longer contagious

Defining S/S = lace like rash

  • droplet precautions
17
Q

What is Erythema Infectiosum (fifth disease)?

A

“Slapped Cheek” caused by human parvovirus B19

  • direct & indirect transmission via contact with respiratory secretions & blood
  • droplet precautions
  • Immunocompromised individuals are at risk

Tx: IVIG for chronic infection in immunocompromised kids; supportive care

No vaccine available

18
Q

What kind of precautions should be in place for a patient with Erythema Infectiosum (5th disease)?

A

Droplet precautions

19
Q

Influenza

A

A & B strains with subtypes
* spread through droplets & secretions

Complications: pneumonia, OM, athma exacerbations, myocarditis (very rare), febrile seizures, sinusitis

S/S:
* abrupt onset of fever, chills, cough, runny nose, body aches, & ↓ PO intake

Tx: supportive care
* tamiflu (antiviral) for kids with comorbidities - very $$$$$ & GI distress

Vaccine: flu vaccine (yearly)

20
Q

Measles (Morbillivirus)

KNOW THIS!!!!!!! (per tutor)

A
  • airborne & contact precautions
  • contagious from 4 days before the rash until 4 days after the rash

Prodromal Stage (1-7 days): high fever, malaise, cough, conjunctivitis
* Koplik Spots = 1-3 mm gray/blue, appear on buccal mucosa; last 1-3 days

Stage 2: maculopapular rash (dark red / purple), then an itchy rash on the rash & trunk

TX: supportive care

Vaccine = MMR

21
Q

What causes measles?

A

Morbillivirus

22
Q

What kind of precautions should be in place for a patient with measles?

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A

contact & airborne

23
Q

What are the 2 stages of Measles

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A

Prodromal Stage (1-7 days):
* high fever
* malaise
* cough
* conjunctivitis
* Koplik Spots – 1-3 mm gray/blue, appear on buccal mucosa; last 1-3 days

Stage 2:
* maculopapular rash (dark red/purple)
* then an itchy rash on the rash & trunk

24
Q

What are koplik spots & what disease are they associated with?

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A

1-3 mm gray/blue spots that appear on the buccal mucosa & last 1-3 days

  • associated with measles
25
Q

Meningococcus (neisseria meningitidis)

KNOW THIS!!!!!! (per tutor)

Know the bold

A
  • Spread by contact with respiratory secretions
  • Contagious until appropriate antibiotic has been on board for 24 hours (isolate for 24 hours)
  • under 5 years old, & teens / young adults 15-24 years old
  • Complications: hearing loss, neuro disability, limb amputation, & scarring

Signs & Symptoms:
* abrupt onset of neck pain / stiffness, headache, fever, malaise, headache, neck pain/stiffness, MS changes

Tx: IV antibiotics with penicillin G, cefotax, ceftriaxone, or ampicillin; watch for septic shock

26
Q

How long should a child with Meningococcus be isolated for?

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A

Until the appropriate antibiotic has been on board for 24 hours

27
Q

How is meningococcus spread?

Know this

A

Contact with respiratory secretions

28
Q

What are key signs & symptoms of meningococcus?

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A
  • neck pain / stiffness
  • headache
  • fever, malaise, vomiting, & MS changes
29
Q

Mononucleosis / Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)

KNOW THIS!!!!!!! (per tutor)

A

Signs & Symptoms:
* fever
* malaise
* headache
* ↓ PO intake
* abdominal pain (spleen)
* sore throat / swollen tonsils
* lymphadenopathy

Tx = supportive care
* lotso f rest
* steroids for swollen tonsils, airway issues / concerns, or splenomegaly

  • contagious for up to 3 months after symptoms subside or are even gone
  • NO contact sports until spleen is normal size due to risk for abruption
  • Complications: peritonsillar abscess, sinusitis, mastoiditis
30
Q

What are the key signs & symptoms of mononucleosis / epstein barr virus (EBV)?

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A
  • headache
  • sore throat / swollen tonsils
  • lymphadenopathy
31
Q

How long can symptoms of epstein barr virus last?

A

Up to 3 months after symptoms subside or are completely gone

32
Q

Pertussis / Whooping Cough (Bordatella)

KNOW THIS!!!!! (per tutor)

A

Spread through inhalation or contact with respiratory secretions
* common with babies & those with medical complications
* May also have apnea, seizures, encephalopathy, & death (nearly 1:100)

STAGES:
* 1.) Catarrhal Stage: URI symptoms, mild cough, fever, lasts 1-2 weeks
* 2.) Paroxysmal Stage: rapid cough & forced inspirations through a narrow glottis. May have cyanosis, vomiting, & extreme fatigue. Infant under 6 months at high risk & may have gagging, gasping, apnea. Also show signs of dehydration due to poor PO intake.
* 3.) Convalescent Stage: 6-10 weeks of coughing

  • Isolate 5 days after abx, SPO2 monitoring, coughing spells
33
Q

What are the 3 stages of Pertusis?

KNOW THESE!!!!!!!

A

1.) Catarrhal: URI symptoms, mild cough, fever
* lasts 1-2 weeks

2.) Paroxysmal: rapid cough & forced inspiration through a narrow glottis. May have cyanosis, vomiting, & extreme fatigue.
* infant under 6 months is at high risk & may have gagging, gasping, apnea. Also shows signs of dehydration due to poor PO intake.

3.) Convalescent: 6-10 weeks of coughing

34
Q

What is the first stage (and the associated signs & symptoms) of Pertussis? How long does it last?

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Catarrhal Stage

  • URI symptoms
  • mild cough
  • fever

*

  • lasts 1-2 weeks
35
Q

What is the second stage (and associated signs & symptoms) of pertussis?

KNOW THIS!!!!!!

A

Paroxysmal Stage

  • Rapid cough
  • Forced inspiration (through a narrow glottis)
  • Cyanosis
  • Vomiting
  • Extreme fatigue

*

  • Infants under 6 months at high risk & may have gagging, gasping, apnea. Also show signs of dehydration due to poor PO intake
36
Q

What is the third stage (and the associated signs & symptoms) of pertussis? How long does this last?

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A

Convalescent Stage

  • 6-10 weeks of coughing
37
Q

Treatment for Pertussis

A

Supportive Care

  • suction, keep calm, cool mist humidification
  • macrolide antibiotic (azitrhomycin = first choice)
  • Vaccine is available
38
Q

What causes pertussis (whooping cough)?

A

Bordatella pertussis

Pediatrics Exam 3 (4 decks)

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