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Immunology > Immunizations > Flashcards

Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

Mucosal immunity- how is antigen recognized?

A

M-cells take up antigen, APC presents it to TH2-cell, th2-cell activates B-cell.

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2
Q

Antibody associated with mucosal immunity?

A

DIMERIC IgA
pIgR = epithelial IgA receptor
pIgR has secretory component that breaks off when in lumen
Also IgG. FcRn transports IgG through epithelium and endothelium to lumen

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3
Q

Types of IgA- difference? switching between them?

A

IgA1= longer hinge region, increased flexibility, increased susceptibility to proteases
IgA2- better for pathogens with IgA protease
IgA1==>IgA2 with APRIL TNF cytokine

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4
Q

How does T-cell reach intestinal epithelium?

A
  1. L-Selectin+A4B7 (t-cell): Madcam1 (blood vessel endothelium)
  2. squeezes through ENDOthelium into lamina propria
  3. CCR9: CCL25 (released by EPIthemium)
  4. AeB7: E-cadherin
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5
Q

Where are T/Bcells activated (for gut related immunity?)

A

peyer’s patches.

  1. B/T-cells enter peyers patch via HEV
  2. APC presents antigen to T-cell= activated T-cell
  3. T-cell activates B-cell (plasma cell makes IgA)
  4. T/B cells exit peyers patch via afferent lymph vessel ==>mesenteric lymph node==> efferent vessel==> blood==> exit endothelium to lamina propria
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6
Q

Healthy intestine has these cells in the lamina propria.

Has this in epithelium

A

LP: CD8, CD4, plasma cell, IgA, DC, mast cell, macrophage

Epithelium= Intraepithelial CD8 t-cell

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7
Q

Even without gut infection….

A

activated effector T-cells predominate

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8
Q

Even without gut infection….

A

activated effector T-cells predominate

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9
Q

Examples of

  1. Inactivated/killed vaccine
  2. Live attenuated vaccine
  3. Subunit Vaccine
A
  1. RIP= rabies, influenza, polio
  2. chicken, rota, yellow, oral polio
  3. HBV
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10
Q

Examples of

  1. Inactivated/killed vaccine
  2. Live attenuated vaccine
  3. Subunit Vaccine
A
  1. RIP= rabies, influenza, polio
  2. chicken, rota, yellow, oral polio, MMR
  3. HBV
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11
Q

How can you make attenuated vaccines?

A

take human virus and put it into monkey cell- virus adapts to monkey cell and is no longer pathogenic in human– take back out and stick in human.

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12
Q

Active immunization

A

Antigen==> Antibody development

ex: vaccine

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13
Q

Passive immunization

A

formed antibodies injected into recipient (MABs)

ex: for treating x-linked agammaglobulinemia; anti-HBV Ig to infants born from HepB+ mothers

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14
Q

HepA vaccine

A

recommended for all children

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15
Q

To make vaccine against polysaccharide…

A

conjugate it to protein (Toxoid)
Ab binds polysaccharide==> endocytosis==> digestion
Expression of protein to Th2 via MHCII
Th2 activates B-cell = Ab against polysac
(CD40:CD40L; MHC:TCR)

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16
Q

To make vaccine against polysaccharide…

A

conjugate it to protein (Toxoid)
Ab binds polysaccharide==> endocytosis==> digestion
Expression of protein to Th2 via MHCII
Th2 activates B-cell = Ab against polysac
(CD40:CD40L; MHC:TCR)

17
Q

Adjuvant- definition

A

Ex: Alum, oil emulsion, microbial product
increases inflammation so immune response to antigen is sufficient (so antibodies are made)
= antigen independent inflammation

18
Q

Adjuvant receptors

A

NOD, TLR==> NFKB pathway activated= innate immune response

Found on APC, B-cells, t-cells , tissue cells

19
Q

Co-stimulatory receptors

A

p71, p72; activated by adjuvants

20
Q

Adjuvant binding action on cell

A

activate APC
Increased co-stimulatory molecules and MHC
Induce chemokines to recruit phagocytes

21
Q

Benefits of adjuvants

A

less active component needed, fewer repeat vaccinations, induction of immune response in old/young/weak,

22
Q

why doesn’t secondary immune response produce___?

A

No IgA because when B-cell binds antigen that is bound by IgG, it is deactivated

23
Q

Secondary immune response is (x3)

A

faster, larger antibody response (IgG, IgA, IgE), an increased affinity.

24
Q

TVOP

A

trivalent oral polio- not used in US.

25
Q

Adverse events possibilities:

  1. Hep B
  2. Measle
  3. DTP
  4. Tetanus toxoid containing vaccines
A
  1. Hep B==> anaphylaxis
  2. Measles==> thrombocytopenia, anaphylaxis, disseminated disease (immunocompromised)
  3. GBS, brachial neuritis, anaphylaxis
26
Q

No effective vaccines for?

A

Measles, HIV, HepC

27
Q

New technologies in vaccine design

A

Gene cloning and expression
genetic engineering to make less pathogenic attenuated vaccines
peptide epitopes instead of whole proteins
DNA vaccines
vaccines with cytokines= IL12 to boost Th1 immune response.

Immunology (12 decks)

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