Immunity packet Flashcards
How does the bacterium E. coli get from a person’s digestive tract or lining of the skin to cause a UTI in a woman?
E. coli that is on the skin and anus region gets pushed towards the opening of the urethra during sexual intercourse.
What is a virus?
A microscopic organism consisting of genetic material covered by a protein coat.
What is the leaading cause of death worldwide for children under the age of 5?
Pneumonia
Before 1990, what bacteria was the main cause of bacterial meningitis?
Heamophilus influenzae
(Hib vaccine developed)
Worldwide 200,000 people die each year from what disease?
Tetanus
The WBC’s that attack an infection will cause what to be created?
Pus
What phase will begin the process of a person gaining immunity towards a specific pathogen?
The elimination phase, when lymphocytes are created, producing memory T and B cells.
The respiratory tract has an added defense mechanism on the cells that are lined with mucous mombranes. This addition is called what?
Cilia
Which innate system cell destroys virus infected host cells and host cells that have turned cancerous?
Natural killer cells
The effect of histamine will cause what kind of reaction in the areas of infection/injury?
Increased heat, swelling, and redness in the area.
Can a pandemic be caused by infectious disease and/or a health condition brought on by a non-infectious organism?
No, a pandemic can only be caused exclusively by an infectious disease.
When a T or B cell encounters an antigen for which it is specific to, what will occur?
The cell will proliferate, producing more lymphocytes “daughter cells” which are specific for that antigen.
What are some of the strategies for breaking the chain of events in the public health measures?
Quarantine the ill, killing insects or animals that carry pathogens, public sanitary practices, handwashing, facemasks, immunizations and the treatment of affected host.
Complementary markers allow antibodies to do what?
Recognize and neutralize specific microbes
The most serious and rare kind of allergic reaction is?
Anaphylaxis.
What is the physical cause of asthma?
Chronic inflammation of the airways and the spasm of the muscles surrounding the airways. The spasm causes constriction and the inflammation causes the airways to secrete extra mucus.
Why is universal or near-universal immunization important?
It is necessary to reduce both individual and community risk of communicable diseases.
What are the effects of histamine?
Increasing the inflammatory response and stimulating mucus production.
The immune system protects from _______ and also ________.
pathogens
cancer
Which gram (+) bacteria is sperical-shaped, often grows in small clusters and is typically found on the skin and nasal passages of healthy people?
Staphylococcus.
Staphylococcus has a very serious antibiotic resistant infection that is known as what?
MRSA —> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
What contributes to factors of insufficient vaccine supplies?
Insufficient stockpiles, manufacturing and production problems, and limited number of companies making vaccine. They are expensive to develop and produce and have a low profitability. The flu vaccine changes from year to year thus changing supply problems.
Who is a vector in the transmission of Lyme disease?
Tick
If a patient who takes NSAIDs develops an ulcer, what would you test for?
Test for Helicobacter pylori because withdrawing NSAIDs alone will not cure them.
What is the deifnition of the portal of exit link?
When the pathogen leaves the reservoir through a portal of exit. In humans, this includes sailva, mucous membranes, blood, feces, and nose and throat discharges.
What does a typical MRSA infection on the skin look like?
A painful lesion that resembles a spider bite
Lockjaw is cause by what bacterium?
Clostridium tetani
What are the possible side effects of vaccines?
Mild soreness at injection site and possible allergic reation.
These organisms will enter the body, and will locate and travel to the tissue that will best support their reproduction needs.
Foodborne or waterborne organisms.
What is occuring during slowdown?
Regulatory molecules and suppressor T cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and induce lymphocyte cell death, causing a slowdown which bring the levels of T and B cells back to “resting” levels.
B cell “daughter cells” become what specific cells and what is their immune function?
They become plasma cells and secrete antibodies verse a specific antigen or they can also become memory B cells which retain response ability for months or years later.
When a vaccine already has the antibodies in it, this gives a patient what kind of defense?
Passive immunity
What makes XDR TB special?
It is extremely resistant to TB drugs as well as second line drugs
Most allergic reactions are due to the production of a special type of antibody known as?
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
What does histamine do to the eyes?
Itchiness and tearing.
Did the H1N1 influenza A virus become a pandemic, epidemic, or endemic?
The WHO reported that the H1N1 virus became a pandemic.
How is a person given immunity?
The immune system is primed with an antigen similar to the pathogen, but not as dangerous. The body responds by creating antibodies, which will prevent infection to the undesired pathogen if ever exposed.
What is a negative of using passive immunity vaccines?
They are short term and they do not illicit acquired memory for the patient.
How do newborns typically contract tetanus?
From unsterile cutting of the umbilical cord.
T cell “daughter cells” become what specific cells?
They can become 4 kinds of cells
1) T cells
2) Killer T cells
3) Suppressor T cells (regulatory)
4) Memory T cells
What are the pathogens that are included in infectious diseases that kill people worldwide?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasitic worms, and prions.
What does the antibody-mediated immune response work against and how do they assist in elimination?
They work against bacteria, viruses and other substances outside of the cell and they allow cells of the innate immune system to eliminate the pathogens they just marked.
What is the required treatment to stop anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine shot.
During the elimination phase, what do killer T cells do?
They strike at foreign cells and infected body cells. They identify them by placing antigen markers on their surfaces, punturing cell membrane, sacrificing host cells in order to destroy the foreign organism inside.
What is H5N1 influenza virus also known as?
Avian bird flu
What is the most common type of meningitis?
Viral
A patient presents with chronic recurring arhtritis, impaired coordination, partial facial paralysis, heart rhythm abnormalities and a bulls-eye rash. What do you suspect the patient has?
Lyme disease
What race has a 4 x’s higher rate of asthma and are 5 x’s more likely to die from it?
African Americans
Many illnesses and symptoms are directly due to?
The body’s own immune response, not from the actual invading organism.
(Ex. The release of cytokines that travel to the brain and cause the brains thermostat to reset to a higher temperature).
What other diseases can streptococcus cause?
Scarletina (scarlet fever), impetigo, and erysipelas. It can also cause necrotizing fascitis and pneumonia endocarditis.
How might one determine if a female is more likely to get a UTI?
The length of her urethra. The shorter it is the more likely she is to get infected.
Which innate system cell resides in tissues, engulfs pathogens and activates lymphocytes?
Dendritic cells
Which site of the lymphatic system cause activation of T and B cells?
Lymph nodes
During the recognition phase, what do the dendritic cells do during this phase?
They go to the site of the injury and consume foreign cells. Then they migrate to the nearby lymphoid tissue to turn on T cells by showing the antigen markers of the foreign cells. Then the natural killer cells and other early responders will destroy infected cells.
This organism reproduces by splitting into a pair of two identical cells.
Bacteria
Can vaccines cause autism?
No
What are the 3 general strategies for dealing with allergies?
Avoidance, medication, immunotherapy
Bacteria that is beneficial and does no harm to humans are called?
Communal bacteria
How does the adaptive immune system aquire its ability to help the immune system?
Over time with exposure to microorganisms
If your body is continuously releasing infectious microbes, you are considered?
Contagious
Pertaining to the lungs, in some people, an allergen can trigger what?
Asthma attack
Which markers trigger an immune response?
nonself markers
Which innate system cell occur in mucosal tissues and provide innate immunity to certain microbes?
Eosinophils
What is the most abundant living thing that lives on this planet?
Bacteria
How do patients promote the occurance of antibiotic resistance?
By failing to take the full course of an antibiotic, inappropriately taking antibiotics for viral infections, as well as the use of antibiotics in agriculture
If you suspect that a patient might have meningitis, what must you do?
Treat first, then confirm (empirical treatment)
Why is it not essential that every member in a community be vaccinated?
Because immunizations reduce the prevalence and spread of a disease throughout a community, thus lowering the risk that a disease will get a foothold. This is known as herd immunity.
If you suspect your patient has meningitis, what was their presenting symptoms for which you made this assumption?
Fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and confusion
Where does MRSA typically occur?
nosocomial infection in hospital
What does histamine do in the nose?
Causes congestion and sneezing.
The initial exposure to an allergen causes what chain of events?
A small or little response, followed by the production of allergen specific IgE, which then binds to mast cells.
If strep throat is left untreated, what could happen?
It can develop into serious rheumatic fever
Who produce antibodies?
WBC’s
Are all widespreasd diseases pandemics?
No, an infectious disease that is maintained in the human population or particular area in the absence of introduction of internal infectious agents is said to be an endemic.
Other than MRSA, what is the other major nosocomial bacterial infection?
Clostridium difficile
What does histamine do to the intestines?
Bloating and cramping.
The fluids that cover the skin and the mucous membrane are filled with what?
Enzymes.
What medications are there to help deal with allergens and what do they do?
OTC antihistamines (they control symptoms, such as blocked nasal, sinus, or middle ear passages) and
RX corticosteroids via aerosol (which reduce allergy symptoms, increase effectiveness, and help limit systemic absorption and side effects)
What is the first phase of infection?
Incubation
What does the third stage of Lyme disease typically present with?
Chronic recurring arhtritis.
What is H1N1 influenza A aslo known as?
Swine flu
Is there a vaccine for Bordetella pertussis?
Yes
What does histamine do to the skin?
Redness, itchiness and swelling.
Other than the hospital, where else are common sites for people to contract MRSA?
Close contact areas such as locker rooms and playing fields
Why is it that a pathogenic bacteria has a hard time getting a hold in a person’s gastro-intestinal tract?
Beneficial bacteria, known as normal flora, reside in the tract which give no foothold to the pathogenic bacteria. Once there is no beneficial bacteria in the tract then a foothold is available for pathogenic bacteria to grow.
How does future immunity towards pathogens occur?
During slowdowm, some T and B cells remain in the body, providing memory, where they can initiate a rapid response verses same pathogen in the future.
