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Immunity Nursing Flashcards

1
Q

protects us against the invasion of pathogens

A

Immune system

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2
Q

is a network of interacting cells, plasma, protein and organs that defend the body against invasion of microorganism causing damage to it

A

immune system

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3
Q

What are the primary and secondary organs/tissues responsible for the immune response?

A

Primary:
1. Bone Marrow
2. Thymus Gland
Secondary:
1. Tonsils
2. Appendix
3. Peyer’s patches
4. Spleen

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4
Q

What organ/tissue responsible for the immune response is the primary site where majority of the components of the immune system are produced?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

What organ/tissue responsible for the immune response is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum?

A

Thymus Gland

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6
Q

What lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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7
Q

What lymphocyte matures in the bone marrow?

A

B lymphocytes

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8
Q

What lymphocyte matures in the thymus gland?

A

T lymphocytes

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9
Q

What hormone is being produced by the thymus gland which control T lymphocyte activity and other various functions of the immune system?

A

Thymosins

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10
Q

When does the thymus gland activity reaches it’s peak?

A

During childhood

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11
Q

When does the thymus gland begins to shrink in size?

A

After Puberty

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12
Q

Where does mature immune cells are stored?

A

In the “secondary lymphoid organs: TAPS”

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13
Q

What protects the GI from invasion of foreign organisms?

A

Peyer’s patches

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14
Q

It is the major storage depot for macrophages and lymphocytes

A

Spleen

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15
Q

What are the major functions of the immune system?

A
  1. Defense
  2. Maintenance of homeostasis
  3. Surveillance
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16
Q

What are the properties of the immunes system?

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Memory
  3. Recognition
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17
Q

It consists of anatomic and chemical barriers that recognize and respond to damaged self-cells or non-self foreign antigens.

A

Innate Immunity

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18
Q

It is known to provide a powerful and specific initial defense mechanism that targets, controls and even eradicates microbes before adaptive immunity is activated.

A

Innate Immunity

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19
Q

This have receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors that recognize cell markers common to various types of microbes that are not present on host cells.

A

Innate immune system

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The response from innate immunity is always the same regardless of the type of offending antigen or the number of encounters with the same antigen.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: “Response” is produced “within hours” of contact with an offending antigen but “no memory” of the immunologic event is produced for future protection hence, innate immunity is said to be “short term” and “temporary”.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

What are the external defenses of the body?

A

Skin
Mucous Membranes
Normal Floras
Protective secretions and enzymes

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23
Q

It prevents entry of harmful agents into the body and keratinized surface cells of the skin provide a tough, dense, waterproof covering

A

Skin

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24
Q

This is released to the skin surface by the sebaceous glands that have antimicrobial property and inhibit the growth of selected microorganisms

A

Fatty acids

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25
What does the sweat contains that is considered toxic to many pathogenic microorganisms?
acetic acid and salt
26
This lines all body tracts that have external opening
mucous membrane
27
It is covered by viscous secretions that tend to trap and inactivate microorganisms
mucous membranes
28
TRUE OR FALSE: Most mucosal secretions (respiratory and intestinal) are known to contain IgA which has antibacterial, antiviral and antitoxic properties.
TRUE
29
This compete for nutrients and space with transient, potential pathogens and are capable of producing substances that retard the growth of transient or invading organisms.
Normal floras
30
TRUE OR FALSE: The acidity of gastric secretions (approximately pH2) kills many organisms and detoxifies certain potentially toxic substances.
TRUE
31
It is primarily controlled by the inflammatory process
Internal defense system
32
What do you call the process when injury occurs in the body, all the innate and to some degree the adaptive defense mechanisms are directed toward localizing the effects of the injury, protecting against microbial invasion at the site and preparing the site for repair?
Inflammation
33
An immunological defense against injury, infection or allergy marked by increases in regional blood flow, immigration of WBCs and release of chemical toxins.
Inflammation
34
What are the cells involved in the inflammatory process?
White Blood Cells / Leukocytes 2 types of WBC: Granulocyte and Agranulocyte 3 types of Granulocyte: Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils 2 types of Agranulocyte: Lymphocytes, Monocytes
35
What “immunity cell” protects you against illness and disease?
WBC
36
They flow through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that threaten your health.
WBC
37
Granulocytes is also known as?
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
38
What type of WBC often “take the first stand during an infection”?
Granulocytes
39
They are called granulocytes because of the presence of “_____________” in their cytoplasm which represent discrete packets of enzymes used to digest the engulfed microbes or foreign materials
granules
40
It is the least common of the granulocytes, representing about “__________” of circulating WBC
Basophils
41
They play an important role in the inflammatory process by virtue of their actions in the blood vessel.
Basophils
42
What happens to basophils when stimulated?
basophils degranulate and release vasoactive mediators that act on smooth muscle and blood vessel walls and respond to allergy.
43
Basophils have protein receptors on their cell surface that allows binding with what immunoglobulin?
IgE
44
What immunoglobulin is involved in macroparasite defense and allergy?
IgE
45
How many percent of eosinophils make up in the WBC?
1-3%
46
They actively defend against pathogens (i.e. parasitic worms, protozoa fungi) that are too large for phagocytes to ingest.
Eosinophils
47
It play a role in fighting viral infections, which is evident from the abundance of RNAses they contain within their granules.
Eosinophils
48
What are the functions of eosinophils?
1. Serve as body’s primary defense against parasites 2. Regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells
49
It is the most abundant WBC (compromising “________”) which are responsible for much of the body’s protection against infection.
Neutrophils=55-70%
50
Predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site arriving within “______” hours after the initial injury.
6-12
51
It is the most efficient and responsive of the phagocytic cells involved in the inflammatory process.
Neutrophils
52
How does neutrophils play its role in inflammation and destroy foreign bodies?
through phagocytosis
53
It is the first cell to arrive at the site of an infection.
Neutrophils
54
They are immunoomnipotent since they have the ability to recognize specific antigens and stimulate specific antibodies.
Agranulocytes
55
They are immunoomnipotent since they have the ability to recognize specific antigens and stimulate specific antibodies.
Agranulocytes
56
These are WBCs which are responsible for most of the body’s adaptive immune response.
Lymphocytes
57
These are the largest normal blood cells
Monocytes
58
They are produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages.
Monocytes
59
It is thought to be the precursors of macrophages that are fixed in tissues.
Monocytes
60
A widely distributed collection of both free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow precursor cells by way of monocytes
Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS)
61
These are considered important cellular mediators of the inflammatory response
Macrophages
62
They provide internal protection through enhancing macrophage function and directly killing infected cells.
Natural Killer Cells
63
What does the Natural Killer Cells secrete when coming in contact with microbes so their ability ti protect is being enhanced?
NK-activating cytokine interleukin-12
64
Directly kill infected host cells by releasing from their cytoplasmic granules proteins and other substances that produce holes in plasma membranes of infected cells and activate enzymes that induce cellular death.
Natural Killer Cells
65
A complex collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins which consists of large number of proteins that together constitute about 10% of the total circulating serum protein.
Complement system
66
What are the pathways of complement activation?
Classic Pathway Alternate Pathway
67
What pathway of complement system is triggered by the formation of immune complexes?
Classic Pathway
68
What pathway of complement system is triggered when complement proteins come in contact with microbial surfaces that do not contain regulatory proteins?
Alternate pathway
69
The activation of complement system of which is characterized by the release of the following:
Opsonins, Chemotactic factors, Anaphylatoxins
70
these are molecules that coat bacteria and increase their susceptibility to being eaten and killed by inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages
opsonins
71
they attract other components of the inflammatory response
chemotactic factors
72
these are molecules that induce rapid degranulation of mast cells thus increasing inflammation.
anaphylatoxins
73
It is a distinct protein that are primarily produced by WBC which provide signal to regulate immunological aspects of cell growth and function during both inflammation and specific immune response
Cytokines
74
What are the major cytokines?
Interferons Interleukins
75
often called the immune response which develops more slowly compared to the inflammatory response
Adaptive immunity
76
Its action is said to be specific and has memory which enables it to confer permanent or long term protection against specific microorganisms.
adaptive immunity
77
What are the cells mediated adaptive immunity?
B Lymphocytes T Lymphocytes
78
Class of lymphocyte that is responsible 8n the production of specific antibodies for the body as well as for the immune system’s memory of previous pathogens
B lymphocytes
79
What are the types of B cells?
Plasma Cells Memory Cells
80
Type of B cell that produces immunoglobulins
Plasma Cells
81
is a term used for all molecules that are known to have specificity for antigen
Immunoglobulin
82
is generally used to denote one particular set of immunoglobulins known to have specificity for a particular antigen.
Antigen
83
Cells responsible for the immune system’s ability to remember pathogens that have previously invaded the body.
Memory Cells
84
TRUE OR FALSE: Once the immune system memorized the pathogen, the response of the immune system is more immediate and more efficient
TRUE
85
responsible in the body’s cell mediated immune response.
T lymphocytes
86
Particularly important in protection against viruses, tumors and pathogens that are resistant to killing by normal neutrophils and macrophages.
T lymphocytes
87
plays a role in the coordination of cellular and humoral immunity
T lymphocytes
88
T lymphocytes are produced in the “________”, migrate in the “________” where they mature and then later on transfer to the “________” where they wait for pathogens.
bone marrow, thymus gland, lymphoid organs
89
Types of T lymphocytes
Killer T cells or Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Suppressor T cells Memory T cells
90
Type of T cells that is responsible for the cell mediated destruction of tumor cells or cells infected with virus.
Killer T cells or Cytotoxic T cells
91
What type of T cells produce biochemical mediators that stimulate the production of NK cells that target tumore cells virally infected cells?
Helper T cells
92
What type of T cells prevent or modify the function of the two adaptive immunity systems?
Suppressor T cells
93
What type of T cells remember contact with specific antigens and immediately respond in subsequent exposures?
Memory T cells
94
What are the 2 categories of cellular or cell mediated immunity?
Effector T cells Regulator T cells
95
What category of cellular or cell mediated immunity is responsible for the “delayed hypersensitivity reaction” and “cytolytic cells”?
Effector T cells
96
What category of cellular or cell mediated immunity oversee immunological processes; responsible in controlling other types of cells that are included in the T cell population?
Regulator T cells. The suppressor and helper T cells

Medsurg Review (5 decks)

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