CONCEPTS IN THE CARE OF AT RISK AND SICK ADULT CLIENTS Flashcards

1
Q

The global population now is ______ and it will increase by nearly ______ people a year to reach about ______ by the year 2025.By the year 2025 ______% of the global population will be living in rural areas and ______% in urban areas.

A

The global population now is 5.8 billion and it will increase by nearly 80 million people a year to reach about 8 billion by the year 2025.By the year 2025 41% of the global population will be living in rural areas and 59% in urban areas.

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2
Q

Life expectancy

A

1955 - 48 years
1995 - 65 years
2025 73 years
today - 45 years (50 million people), 60 years (5 billion people in 120 countries)

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3
Q

In the age structure of deaths what are the common diseases that causes death?

A

infectious and parasitic diseases, circulatory diseases, repiratory diseases, perinatal conditions

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4
Q

what are the leading cause of death from infectious diseases?

A

acute lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, malaria

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5
Q

what are the most deaths from circulatory diseases?

A

coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease

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6
Q

what are the leading cause of death from cancers?

A

lung, stomach, colon and rectum, liver, and breast cancer

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7
Q

As the economies of these countries grow, non-
communicable diseases will become more prevalent. This will be due largely to the adoption of “western” lifestyles and their accompanying risk factors:

A

smoking, high-fat diet, obesity, and lack of exercise

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Heart disease and stroke have declined as causes of death in recent decades, while death rates from some cancers
have risen.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: “Diabetes” cases in adults will more than “double” globally from 143 million in 1997 to 300 million by 2025 largely because of “dietary and other lifestyle factors”

A

TRUE

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cancer will remain one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Only one-third of all cancers can NOT be cured by earlier detection combined with effective treatment.

A

FALSE

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11
Q

Cases and deaths of lung cancer and colorectal cancer will “increase”, largely due to ___ and ___ respectively. Lung cancer deaths among women will “rise” in virtually all industrialized countries, but “stomach cancer” will become “less” common generally, mainly because of ___, ___ and ___.

A

Cases and deaths of lung cancer and colorectal cancer will increase, largely due to smoking and unhealthy diet
respectively. Lung cancer deaths among women will rise in virtually all industrialized countries, but stomach cancer
will become less common generally, mainly because of improved food conservation, dietary changes and declining
related infection.

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12
Q

Cervical cancer is expected to “decrease” further in industrialized countries due to _____.

A

Cervical cancer is expected to decrease further in industrialized countries due to screening.

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13
Q

Liver cancer will decrease because of the results of current and future immunization against the ____ virus in many countries.

A

Liver cancer will decrease because of the results of current and future immunization against the hepatitis B virus in
many countries.

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14
Q

In general, more than 15 million adults aged ____ are dying every year. Most of these deaths are ___ and ___.

A

In general, more than 15 million adults aged 20-64 are dying every year. Most of these deaths are premature and
preventable.

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15
Q

Cancer and heart disease are more related to the ___ age group than any other; people over 75 become more prone to impairments of ___, ____, ___ and ____.

A

Cancer and heart disease are more related to the 70-75 age group than any other; people over 75 become more prone to impairments of hearing, vision, mobility and mental function.

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16
Q

Over 80% of circulatory disease deaths occur in people over ___

A

65

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17
Q

what is the leading cause of death and disability in people over 65 years worldwide?

A

circulatory disease

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: breast cancer on average deprives women of at least 10 years of life
expectancy, while prostate cancer reduces male average life expectancy by only one year.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

The risk of developing ____ rises steeply with age in people over ___ years. Women are more likely to suffer than men because of their greater longevity.

A

The risk of developing dementia rises steeply with age in people over 60 years. Women are more likely to suffer
than men because of their greater longevity.

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20
Q

Philippine economy has been growing, but _____ and ____ remain as major challenges.

A

Philippine economy has been growing, but perennial poverty and income inequality remain as major challenges.

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21
Q

TRYE OR FALSE: Compared to neighboring countries, Philippines is “faring well” in improving health outcomes. However, regional disparities are still “evident”

A

true

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22
Q

TRUE LR FALSE: In the past decade, non-communicable diseases have become the leading causes of mortality in the country.

A

true

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23
Q

What are the drivers of the current health status of our country?

A
  1. Only a third of all provinces meets the bed-to population ratio
  2. not all hospitals have complete basic emergency
    equipment.
  3. increase in the cost of medical care
  4. Philhealth has no clear pattern of benefit utilization and coverage.
  5. Persistent Inequities in Health Outcomes
  6. Restrictive and Impoverishing Healthcare Costs
  7. Poor quality and undignified care synonymous with public clinics and hospitals
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24
Q

It is a Platform for health and development in the Philippines - driven by action within and outside the health sector.

A

Universal Health Coverage

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25
What are the goals or UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE?
Goals: ▪ Financial Protection — Filipinos especially the poor, marginalized, and vulnerable are protected from high cost of health care. ▪ Better Health Outcomes — Filipinos attain the best possible health outcomes with no disparity. ▪ Responsiveness — Filipinos feel respected, valued, and empowered in all of their interaction with the health system.
26
a medical condition or health problem with associated symptoms or disabilities that require long-term management
Chronic Illness
27
are diseases that are prolonged (6 months), do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely cured completely.
chronic illness
28
What are the characteristics of chronic illness?
✓ Permanent impairments or deviations from normal ✓ Irreversible pathologic changes ✓ Residual disability ✓ Special rehabilitation required ✓ Need for long-term medical and/or nursing management
29
Impact of alzheimer’s disease
• Patient has to relinquish everyday life interests and activities, let go, and die peacefully. • Immediate weeks, days, hours preceding death.
30
one of the most common chronic illnesses that affects 1 in 5 people
arthritis
31
2nd leading cause of death
cancer
32
3rd leading cause of death and affects many older adults
COPD
33
Leading cause of death that affects 17 million adults
coronary artery disease
34
7th leading cause of death
Diabetes
35
most common reason older adults are hospitalized
heart failure
36
major contributor to other health problems that affects >35% of adults
obesity
37
4th leading cause of death
stroke
38
What phase of chronic illness trajectory refers to an event of where Genetic factors or lifestyle behaviors that place a person or community at risk for chronic condition
pre trajectory
39
what are the focus of nursing care during pre trajectory phase?
Refer for genetic testing and counseling if indicated Provide education about prevention of modifiable risk factors and behaviors
40
what phase of CIT refers when there is an Appearance or onset of noticeable symptoms associated with a chronic disorder?
trajectory onset
41
what phase of CIT Includes period of diagnostic workup and announcement of diagnosis
trajectory onset
42
what phase of CIT May be accompanied by uncertainty as patients awaits a diagnosis and begins to discover and cope with implications of diagnosis
trajectory onset
43
give the focus of nursing care during trajectory onset
Provide explanations of diagnostic tests and procedures • Reinforce information and explanations given by primary health care provider • Provide emotional support to patient and family
44
what phase of CIT when the Illness course and symptoms are under control as symptoms, resulting disability and everyday life activities are being managed within limitations of illness
stable
45
what phase of CIT when Illness management centered in the home and Person maintains everyday activities.
stable
46
give the focus of nursing care during stable phase
• Reinforce positive behaviors and offer ongoing monitoring • Provide education about health promotion • Encourage participation in health promoting activities and health screening
47
what phase of CIT is Characterized by an exacerbation of illness symptoms, development of complications
unstable
48
what phase of CIT when Period of inability to keep symptoms under control or reactivation of illness; difficulty in carrying out everyday life activities
unstable
49
what phase of CIT May require more diagnostic testing and trial of new treatment regimens or adjustment of current regimen, with care usually taking place at home
unstable
50
what life of CIT when Life becomes disrupted while patient works to regain stability and Hospitalization not required.
unstable
51
give the focus or nursing care during unstable phase
Provide guidance and support; reinforce previous teaching
52
what phase of CIT when there is an Active illness with severe and unrelieved symptoms or complications.
acute
53
what phase of CIT when The development of illness complications necessitating hospitalization, bed rest, or interruption of the person’s usual activities to bring illness course under control and Hospitalization may be required for management.
acute
54
give the focus of nursing care during acute phase
Provide direct care and emotional support to the patient and family member
55
what phase of CIT when there is Critical or life-threatening situation requiring emergency treatment or care and suspension of everyday life activities until the crisis had passed
crisis
56
what phase of CIT when emergency services are necessary
crisis
57
give the focus of nursing care during crisis phase
Provide direct care, collaborate with other health care team members
58
what phase of CIT when there is Gradual recovery after an acute period and learning to live with or to overcome disabilities and return to an acceptable way of life within the limitations imposed by the chronic condition or disability
comeback
59
what phase of CIT involves physical healing, limitations stretching through rehabilitative procedures, psychosocial coming-to- terms, and biographical reengagement with adjustments in everyday life
comeback
60
give the focus of nursing care during comeback phase
Assist in coordination of care • Rehabilitative focus may require care from other health care providers • Provide positive reinforcement for goals identified and accomplished
61
what phase of CIT when Illness course characterized by rapid or gradual worsening of a condition
downward
62
what phase of CIT when physical decline accompanied by increasing disability or difficulty in controlling symptoms
downward
63
what phase of CIT requires biographical adjustment and alterations in everyday life activities with each major downward step
downward
64
what phase of CIT when there is Gradual and progressive deterioration in physical or mental status
downward
65
what phase of CIT when it is Accompanied by increasing disability and symptoms and there is Continuous alterations in everyday life activities.
downward
66
give the focus of nursing care during downward phase
Provide home care and other community-based care to help patient and family adjust to changes and come to terms with these changes • Assist patient and family to integrate new treatment and management strategies • Encourage identification of end-of-life preferences and planning
67
what phase of CIT when Final days or weeks before death; characterized by gradual or rapid shutting down of body process, biographical disengagement and closure, and relinquishment of everyday life interests and activities
dying
68
what phase of CIT when Patient has to relinquish everyday life interests and activities, let go, and die peacefully and refers to Immediate weeks, days, hours preceding death.
dying
69
give the focus of nursing care during dying phase
Provide direct and supportive are to patients and their families through hospice programs
70
what are the seven tasks of people with chronic illness
1. preventing and managing crisis 2. carrying out prescribed treatment regimen 3. controlling symptoms 4. reordering time 5. adjusting to changes in course of disease 6. preventing social isolation 7. attempting to normalize interactions with ithers
71
what are the major task of px and caregiver when preventing and managing crisis?
1. Need to understand what the potential for the crisis is 2. Need to know ways to prevent or modify the threat
72
what are the characteristics of treatment regimens
difficult time consuming painful or uncomfortable unsightly appearance slow rate of effectiveness
73
what are the prevention of chronic illness
Prevention of Chronic Illness • Primary prevention – proper diet, proper exercise, and immunizations • Secondary prevention – actions aimed at early detection of disease that can lead to interventions to prevent disease progression • Tertiary prevention – refers to activities that limit disease progression, such as rehabilitation.
74
what are the steps when Applying the Nursing Process Using the Phases of the Chronic Illness System?
Step 1: Identifying Specific Problems and the Trajectory Phase Step 2: Establishing and Prioritizing Goals Step 3: Defining the Plan of Action to Achieve Desired Outcomes Step 4: Implementing the Plan and Interventions Step 5: Following Up and Evaluating Outcomes
75
purpose of assessment during Step 1: Identifying Specific Problems and the Trajectory Phase
to identify the specific medical, social, and psychological problems likely to be encountered
76
what will you include in your assessment during Step 1: Identifying Specific Problems and the Trajectory Phase?
health status Perception of relative health or illness
77
possible nursing interventions include:
o providing direct care o serving as an advocate for the patient o educating o counseling o making referrals o case management
78
The nurse works with each patient and family to identify the best ways to integrate treatment regimens into their ADLs to accomplish two tasks:
(1) adhering to regimens to control symptoms and keep the illness stable, and (2) dealing with the psychosocial issues that can hinder illness management and affect quality of life.
79
what is the “primary goal” of Applying the Nursing Process Using the Phases of the Chronic Illness System?
Maintaining the stability of the chronic condition while preserving the patient’s control over his or her life and the patient’s sense of identity and accomplishment.
80
____ it is a way of life for a group of people. It includes the ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ that the group accepts, generally without thinking about them
Culture is a way of life for a group of people. It includes the behaviors, beliefs, values, traditions, and symbols that the group accepts, generally without thinking about them
81
what are the cultural factors affecting health and health care
time orientation language and communication economic factirs health care system beliefs and practices
82
What religious group believes that Alcoholic beverages and drugs are prohibited unless prescribed by health care professional. Abortion, artificial insemination, and stem cell use are prohibited.
Amish
83
What religious group believes Many fast and abstain from meat and meat products on Ash Wednesday and the Fridays of Lent.
Catholicism
84
What religious group believes in Artificial contraception and direct abortion are prohibited. Indirect abortion (e.g., treatment of uterine cancer in a pregnant woman) may be morally justified.
catholicism
85
What religious group believes in Sacrament of the Sick includes anointing of sick with oil, blessing by a priest, and communion (unleavened wafer made of flour and water).
catholicism
86
What religious group believes in Strict dietary code called Word of Wisdom prohibits all alcoholic beverages, hot drinks (nonherbal teas and coffee), tobacco, and illegal or recreational drugs.
mormons
87
what religious group practices the Fasting for 24-hour period occurs monthly on “Fast Sunday.”
mormons
88
what religious group practices During hospitalization or serious illness, an elder anoints the ill person with oil while a second elder seals the anointing with a prayer and blessing (laying on of hands).
mormons
89
what religious group believes that Abortion is prohibited except when the mother’s life is in danger.
mormons
90
what religious group practices Eating meat is prohibited because it involves harming a living creature.
hinduism
91
Cremation is most common form of body disposal, but fetuses or newborns are sometimes buried in this religious grouo.
hinduism
92
what religious group practices Fasting during daytime hours occurs during a month-long period called Ramadan.
islam
93
In this religious group, Eating pork or taking medicines with pork derivatives is prohibited.
islam
94
In this religious group, Drinking alcoholic beverages is prohibited. Artificial insemination is permissible only if from the husband to his own wife.
Islam
95
In this religious group, Transfusions of blood in any form or agents in which blood is an ingredient are not acceptable. Blood volume expanders are acceptable if they are not derivatives of blood. Transplants that involve bodily mutilation are prohibited.
Jehovah’s witness
96
In this religious group, Therapeutic and on-demand abortions are prohibited.
Jehovah’s Witness
97
In this religious group, Artificial insemination is prohibited for both donors and recipients.
Jehovah’s Witness
98
They never eat pork, shellfish, or predatory fowl and never mix milk dishes and meat dishes in preparing foods. Fish with fins and scales are permissible.
Judaism/Jews
99
What religious group beleives in Certain foods and drink are designated as “kosher”, which means “proper.”
Judaism
100
This religious group believes that all animals must be ritually slaughtered
Judaism
101
this religious group believes that On the eighth day after birth, boys are circumcised in a ritual called Brit Milah, and girls are given a dedication ceremony involving prayers and blessings.
Judaism
102
This religious group believes that Abortion is morally unacceptable except when the mother’s life is in danger.
mormons and judaism
103
What religious group practices Organized support system for the sick includes a visit from the rabbi. The rabbi may pray with the sick person alone or in a minyan, a group of 10 adults over age 13.
Judaism
104
what religious group practices that If an autopsy is performed, all body parts must be returned for burial.
judaism
105
what religious group when Vegetarian diet is encouraged? Nonvegetarian members refrain from eating foods derived from any animal having a cloven hoof that chews its cud (e.g., pigs, goats).
Seventh-Day Adventism
106
What religious group believes that Eating fish with fins and scales is acceptable, but consuming shellfish is prohibited.
Seventh-Day Adventism / Adventist
107
What religious group believes that Consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited. Fasting is practiced and involves abstaining from food or liquids by healthy members of the church.
Seventh-Day Adventism
108
What religious group believes that Consumption of alcoholic beverages and illicit drugs is prohibited. Moderation in diet and avoidance of extremes are practiced.
buddhism
109
what religious group believes that Central tenets are maintaining right views, intentions, speech, actions, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
buddhism
110
What are the Nursing Management in Reducing Health Disparities and Increasing Cultural Competency?
1. Nurse’s self-assessment 2. Patient assessment 3. Cultural assessment 4. Nursing Implementation
111
Ability to understand patient’s unique cultural needs.
cultural awareness
112
Process of learning key aspects of a group’s culture, especially as it relates to health and health care practices
cultural knowledge
113
Patients as the best source of information about their culture
Cultural knowledge
114
Ability to collect relevant cultural data
Cultural skill
115
Performance of a cultural assessment
cultural skill
116
Direct cross-cultural interactions between people from culturally diverse backgrounds
Cultural encounter
117
Extended contact with a cultural group to enhance understanding of its values and beliefs
Cultural encounter
118
What are the role of nurse in cultural awareness?
• Identify your own cultural background, values, and beliefs, especially as related to health and health care. • Examine your own cultural biases toward people whose cultures differ from your own culture.
119
What are the role of nurse when she has cultural knowledge?
• Learn basic general information about predominant cultural groups in your geographic area. Cultural pocket guides can be a good resource. • Assess patients for presence or absence of cultural traits based on an understanding of generalizations about a cultural group. • Do not make assumptions based on cultural background because the degree of acculturation varies among individuals. • Read research studies that describe cultural differences. • Read ethnic newspaper articles and books. • View documentaries about cultural groups.
120
What are the role of nurse when she has cultural skill?
• Be alert for unexpected responses with patients, especially as related to cultural issues. • Become aware of cultural differences in predominant ethnic groups. • Develop assessment skills to do a competent cultural assessment for any patient. • Learn assessment skills for different cultural groups, including cultural beliefs and practices.
121
What are the role of nurse when she has cultural encounter?
• Create opportunities to interact with predominant cultural groups. • Attend cultural events, such as religious ceremonies, significant life passage rituals, social events, and demonstrations of cultural practices. • Visit markets and restaurants in ethnic neighborhoods. • Explore ethnic neighborhoods, listen to different types of ethnic music, and learn games of various ethnic groups. • Visit or volunteer at health fairs in local ethnic neighborhoods. • Learn about prominent cultural beliefs and practices, and incorporate this knowledge into planning nursing care.
122
A cultural assessment should include the following:
o Brief history of the cultural group with which person identifies o Values orientation o Cultural sanctions and restrictions o Communication o Health-related beliefs and practices o Nutrition o Socioeconomic considerations o Organizations providing cultural support o Educational background o Religious affiliation o Spiritual considerations
123
Nursing Interventions to Reduce Health Disparities:
✓ Treat all patients equally. Inform patients about health care services available for their specific cultural/ethnic group. ✓ Ensure availability of culturally appropriate patient educational resources.
124
Guidelines for Communicating When No Interpreter is Available
1. Be polite and formal. 2. Pronounce name correctly. 3. Proceed in an unhurried manner.