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Foundations of Nursing > Immunity/Inflammation > Flashcards

Immunity/Inflammation Flashcards

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1
Q

Inflammation

A

Protective response of body tissues to irritation or injury
Normal process that aid sin healing
SPECIFIC*

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2
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of tissues or cells by outside microorganisms

SPECIFIC*

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3
Q

First Line of Defense

A

Intact skin and mucous membranes

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4
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Inflammatory response

Nonspecific

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5
Q

Third Line of Defense

A

Immune response

Specific

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6
Q

Purpose of Inflammation

A

Neutralize/destroy harmful agents
Limit speed of infection
Prepares tissue for healing

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7
Q

Signs of Inflammation

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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8
Q

Systemic Response to Inflammation

A 
Increase WBC- shift to left (bands)
Fatigue, nausea, anorexia
Increased pulse and RR
Fever- release of cytokines, epinephrine
Increased ESR
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9
Q

Inflammatory Response Subcategories

A

Vascular response, cellular response, formation of exudate, healing

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10
Q

Vascular Response

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Vasodilation (histamines)
  3. Fluid to tissues (edema)
  4. Fibrinogen to fibrin
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11
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Nonspecific response where neutrophils and monocytes attack and kill bacteria
Begins once neutrophils and monocytes enter tissue

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12
Q

Leukocytes Types

A

Granulocytes- neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Agranulocytes- monocyptes, lymphocytes

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13
Q

Neutrophils

A

1st to arrive, phagocytes
Segs- mature (chronic)
Bands-immature (acute)

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

2nd to arrive, phagocytes, transform to macrophages

Monokines- send messages to cells

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15
Q

Basophils

A 
Carry histamine (dilate) and heparin (thin blood)
Release granules when stimulated by antigens
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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

Released during allergic reactions
Phagocytosis of allergens
Release chemicals that control histamine and serotonin

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17
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Cell-mediated immunity (T cells- cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, memory)
Humoral immunity (B cells- memory, plasma)
Natural killer cells

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18
Q

Complement System

A

Activation increases phagocytosis though opsonization (coating bacteria) and chemotaxis (cell movement)
C1 and C9 active for lysis to occur
C8 and C9 pierce cell surface, causing lysis

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19
Q

Functions of Complement System

A

Enhance phagocytosis
Increase permeability
Chemotaxis
Cellular lysis

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20
Q

Exudation

A

Fluid, phagocytic debris

Moist environment for healing

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21
Q

Healing

A

Regeneration- replace w/ same cells

Repair- replaced with connective tissue

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22
Q

Antigens

A

On invader cells, elicit immune response

Composed of protein

23
Q

Antibodies

A

We make

B cells produce immunoglobulins in response to antigens

24
Q

Immunity functions

A

Defense, homeostasis, surveillance

25
Q

Immunity Types

A

Active natural, active artificial, passive natural, passive artificial

26
Q

Active Natural Immunity

A

Body makes own antibodies

27
Q

Active Artificial Immunity

A

Vaccinations

28
Q

Passive Natural Immunity

A

Placenta from mother to child

Through breast milk

29
Q

Passive Artificial Immunity

A

Injection of gamma globulins (i.e. immunosuppressed)

30
Q

Adenoids

A

Attack antigens entertain nose

31
Q

Tonsils

A

Attack antigens entering mouth

32
Q

Thymus Gland

A

T cells mature here and are stored

33
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Filter particles from lymph fluid

34
Q

Spleen

A

Filtration of blood
Red pulp- RBC and PLT stored
White pulp- B/T cells

35
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

Attack intestinal agents

36
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Blood ells produced her and travel to thymus

37
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Mediated by antibodies, B cells
Plasma cells produce immunoglobulins
When inactive, are memory cells

38
Q

Memory Cells

A

Remember exposures

Held in reservoir for contacts of same antigens (IgG)

39
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Secrete antibodies and immunoglobulins (IgM first to peak)

40
Q

IgG

A

Most abundant
Fund in plasma and interstitial fluid
Crosses placenta
Fight against bacteria, fungi, toxins

41
Q

IgA

A

Found in body secretions

Lines mucous membranes

42
Q

IgM

A

Largest group, peaks first
Most effective in bacterial infections
ABO blood antigens

43
Q

IgD

A

In plasma, on lymphocyte surface
Regulates humoral immunity (B cells)
Intracellular signaling

44
Q

IgE

A

In plasma and interstitial fluid
Response to allergies/hypersensitivities
Causes allergic reaction symptoms

45
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

Does not involve antibodies
Activation of phagocytes, cytotoxic cells, and cytokines
Viral, fungi, tumor cells

46
Q

T Cell Types

A

Cytotoxic, helper, memory, suppressor

47
Q

Cytotoxic Cells

A

Attack antigens and destroy

Kiss of death

48
Q

Helper Cells

A

Regulate and direct immunity

49
Q

Suppressor Cells

A

Stops the reaction

50
Q

Memory

A

Remembers pathogen once exposed

51
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Subset of lymphocytes

Kill viral and tumor cells

52
Q

Cytokines

A

Messengers

53
Q

Effect of Aging On Immune System

A

Increased tumor risk, decrease T/B cells, decrease thymus activity, decreased cytokines

54
Q

Chain of Infection

A 
Infectious agent
Reservior
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Host

Foundations of Nursing (3 decks)

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