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Foundations of Nursing > Hematology/Hemostasis > Flashcards

Hematology/Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Hematology

A

Study of blood and blood-forming tissues

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2
Q

Components of Hematologic System

A

Sleep, lymph system, liver, bone marrow, blood

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3
Q

Spleen Functions

A

Hematopoietic- produce RBC
Filter- old RBC, iron
Immune system- lymphocytes and monocytes
Storage- RBC and platelets

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4
Q

Red Pulp of Spleen

A

RBC production and storage

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5
Q

White Pulp of Spleen

A

Contains lymphocytes and monocytes

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6
Q

Lymph System

A

Filtration
Carries lymph fluid (too much = lymphedema)
Lymph capillaries and ducts- drain and carry
Lymph nodes- filter particles out

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7
Q

Liver

A

Filter- removes activated clotting factors/fibrin
Stores iron and produced hepcidin
Blood coagulation- prothrombin II (vitamin K needed)

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8
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Red- RBC formation (irregular/flat bones)

Yellow- fatty (middle of long bones)

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9
Q

When is a bone marrow needle aspiration performed?

A

Severe anemia, neutropenia, acute leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Posterior iliac crest

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10
Q

Blood Function

A

Transportation- O2, nutrients, waste, hormones
Regulation- fluid electrolytes, acid-base balance
Protection- form clots, combat infection

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11
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation (in bone marrow)
RBC, WBC, PLT
From stem cells

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12
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Composed of hemoglobin- binds O2, CO2

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13
Q

RBC Functions

A

Transportation- O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones
Protection- clotting
Regulation- acid-base balance, fluid electrolyte, body temp

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14
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

RBC production (stim. by hypoxia)
Erhythropoietin (stimulates production)
Reticulocyte- immature RBC

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15
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction of RBC by macrophages
Occurs in bone marrow and spleen
Bilirubin- breakdown of RBC

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16
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets
Initiate clotting
1/3 stored in sleep

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17
Q

Hemostasis

A

Blood clotting processes

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18
Q

Phases of Hemostasis

A

Vasospasm
Formation of platelet plug
Clotting cascade activation
Lysis of clot

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19
Q

Vasospasm

A

Immediate vasoconstriction

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20
Q

Formation of Platelet Plug

A

PLT activate when exposed to collagen
Platelet activation
Platelet adherence (mediators block anticoagulation message)
Aggregation of PLT

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21
Q

Clotting Cascade Activation

A

Fibrin clot formation
Inactive until stimulated by 2 pathways- intrinsic/extrinsic
Prothrombin -> thrombin -> activates fibrinogen to fibrin

22
Q

Extrnisic Pathway

A

Tissue trauma, rapid, tissue thromboplastin III, need Calcium
INR

23
Q

Intrinsic Pathway

A

Blood vessel damage, slower, factor V/VIII

24
Q

Firbinolysis

A

Breakdown of clot

Plasminogen -> plasmin -> digest fiber in clot and fibrinogen

25
Anticoagulation
Antithrombins- heparin, lovenox
26
Hypocoagulability
Deficient clotting of blood | Thrombocytopenia- low PLT
27
Hypercoagulability
Increased clotting | Can result in venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, embolization
28
Blood-Related Abnormalities
Pale skin/lips, increased bruising, cyanosis, oral lesions, enlarged lymph nodes, jaundice, tachy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
29
Labs
CBC, ESR (inflammation), Iron, Bilirubin (breakdown of RBC), PT (extrinsic), PTT (intrinsic)
30
Effect of Aging
Decrease bone marrow production Decreased stem cells Decreased ability to compensate when ill Decreased hemoglobin
31
Purpose of Blood Transfusion
Restore/maintain blood volume Improve O2-carrying capacity Replace deficient blood components and coagulation
32
Autotransfusion
Pt given back out blood
33
Blood Groups
Type A- A antigen and anti-B antibody Type B- B antigen and antiA antibody Type AB- A and B antigens and no antibody Type O- no antigens and A and B antibodies
34
Rh Groups
Found on RBC membrane Rh +- have D antigen Rh-- no D antigen
35
Whole Blood
All blood components Increase total blood volume- trauma 500mL over 2-4 hr (1hr if emergent)
36
Red Blood Cells
``` Packed or frozen Washed, irradiated, and leukocyte poor Increases O2 carrying capacity 300mL over 2-4hr IgM- may react ```
37
White Blood Cells
Fight antibiotic-resistant septicemia and low granulocyte supply 300mL over 2-4 hr Never use leukocyte depleting filter Increased incidence of febrile, non-hemolytic reactions
38
Platelets
Replace clotting factors Prepped from whole blood 30-6-mL over 1hr
39
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Clotting factor replacement (no PLT) Must be ABO compatible 200-250mL over tolerated time span INR, PT, PTT
40
Albumin
Small protein separated from plasma Replaces volume No cross and type necessary
41
Cryoprecipitate
From FFP Clotting factor replacement Infuse as tolerated No cross and type necessary
42
Procedure of Blood Admin
``` Consent Order Access Tubing and Solution Verification Assessment Administration ```
43
8 Right of Blood Transfusion
``` Product Patient Dose Time Reason Site Documentation Response ```
44
Allergic Reaction (IgE)
Itchy, hives, fever, chest pain | Hypotension (histamine causing dilation)
45
Febrile Non-Hemolytic
Increased temp by 1.8* Chills, headache Give antipyretic, leukocyte poor blood, steroids
46
Acute Hemolytic (IgM)
Life-threatening- HF, renal failure Incompatible blood, wrong storage Give normal saline, episode, diuretics, vasopressor
47
Anaphylactic
Bronchospasms, SOB, pulp edema, hypotension | Give epi, corticosteroid, histamine
48
Circulatory Overload
Too much blood is short amount of time SOB, crackles Stop infusion, give O2, diuretics At risk: elderly, HF, renal failure
49
Sepsis
Stored wrong, over 4 hour max Chills, fever Give antibiotics, fluids
50
SPIN
Stop transfusion Pulse and VS Infuse normal saline Notification
51
Documentation
Time, solution, VS, client response/action

Foundations of Nursing (3 decks)

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