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Advanced Physiology > Immunity Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Immunity Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

I. Fill in the Blank:

  1. Activated T cells decrease the expression of receptors for chemokines produced in T cell zones in the lymph nodes, while increasing the expression of receptors for ______, which is present in the blood.
  2. Which cytokine, secreted by macrophages, stimulates the differentiation of naïve CD4 cells into the TH1 subset? _______
  3. Which subset of CD4 cells activates macrophages through CD40 and CD40 ligand interaction and secretion of IFN-γ? __________
  4. TH17 cells secrete chemokines to attract __ and __ to the site of infection, resulting in an amplified response.
  5. Which two cytokines are secreted by activated macrophages and act as chemoattractants for the recruitment of other leukocytes? ___ and ____
  6. IL-4 stimulates production of _____ and IL-5 activates _______.
A
  1. Sphingosine 1-phosphate
  2. IL-12
  3. Th1
  4. Neutrophils and Macrophages
  5. TNF and IL-1
  6. IgE and Eosinophils
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2
Q
  1. IL-4 and IL-5 are released by what subset of T cells? __Th2____
    This response helps to eradicate __helminthic_______ infections.
  2. Upon recognition of antigen, an activated CD8 cell releases granules containing __perforin_____ and _granzymes_____, which kill target cells.
  3. Activated CTLs express _Fas ligand _______, which binds to __Fas _______ on target cells; binding induces apoptosis of the target cell.
  4. __NK___ cells are activated by cells deficient in expression of class I MHC molecules.
  5. Endothelium at the site of infection is exposed to cytokine _TNF__ and __IL-1__
  6. Activated T cells express __high__ levels of ligands for _E-__ and __P-____ selectins and the high affinity forms of integrin _LFA-1_____.
  7. TNF and IL-1 increase expression of __P-selectin__, __E-selectin__, ICAM-1, and __VCAM-1____.
A
  1. Th2 helminthic
  2. Perforin Granzymes
  3. FAS ligand Fas
  4. NK
  5. TNF and Il
  6. High E and P selectins LFA-1
  7. P-Selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM
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3
Q

Name the 3 classes of proteins that control the migration of naïve and effector T cells

A
  1. Selectins
  2. Integrines
  3. Chemokines
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4
Q

T/F The migration routes for effector T cells and naïve T cells differ because each route involves different players

A

T

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5
Q

T/F Naïve T cells express the adhesion molecule L-selectin (CD62L) and the chemokine receptor CCR7 which mediate their selective migration into the lymph nodes through specialized vessels called endothelial venules (HEVs)

A

T

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6
Q

What are HEVs?

A

Vessels through which NT cells travel into lymph nodes

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7
Q

Where are High endothelial venules (HEVs) located?

A

T cell zone of lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

Describe HEVs

A
  • Located in T cell zones of lymphoid tissues
  • Lined by specialized endothelial cells which express carbohydrate ligand s that bind to L-selectin
  • Display chemokines made only in lymphoid tissues that bind CCR7
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9
Q

T/F The phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (SIP) plays a key role in the entry and exit of T cells through Lymph nodes

A

T

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10
Q

What is the major function of TH1 cells?

A

Effector T lymphocytes of the TH1 subset recognize the antigen of ingested microbes on macrophages. In response to this recognition, the T lymphocytes express CD40L which engages CD40 on the macrophages and the T cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-g) which binds to the IFN-g receptors on the macrophages. This combination of signals activates the macrophages to produce microbicidal substances that kill ingested microbes. Activated macrophages also secrete cytokines that induce inflammation - tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and chemokines and activates T cells (IL-12) and they express more major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and co-stimulators which enhance T cell responses

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11
Q

How do TH1 effector T cells activate macrophages?

A

By CD40L-CD40 interactions and by secreting the cytokine interferon-g (IFN-g)
CD40L on T cell
CD40 on macrophage

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12
Q

What is the function of IFN-g?

A

Inferferon-g (IFN-g) is a potent activator of macrophages. Triggers the synthesis of microbicidal reactive oxygen species and nitric acid

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13
Q

What is the function of Inteleukin-1 (IL-1)?

A

Secreted by macrophages causes secretion of cytokines

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14
Q

What is function of Intleukin-12 (IK-12)?

A

A cytokine produced by activated macrophages drives the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to TH1 cells-amplification of response

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15
Q

T/F TH17 cells induce other cells to secrete cytokines that are important for the recruitment of neutrophils and to a lesser extent monocytes

A

T

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16
Q

What is the role and function of TH17 cells?

A

TH17 cells produce the cytokine inteleukin-17 (IL-17), which induces production of chemokines and other cytokines from various cells and these recruit neutrophils and monocytes into the site of inflammation.
Cytokine IL-22 produced by TH17 functions to maintain epithelial barrier in intestinal tract and other tissues
TH17 cells also stimulate the production of antimicrobial substances called defensins that function like locally produced endogenous antibiotics

17
Q

T/F The TH2 subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes stimulate eosinophil-rich inflammation, which is important in defense against helminthic parasites

A

T

18
Q

What are the functions of TH2 cells?

A

When differentiated, TH2 cells produce cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10.
IL-4–Stimulates production of IgE antibody which binds to Fc on mast cells and eosinophils
IL-5 activates eosinophils- produce granular proteins that kill helminths

19
Q

T/F TH2 cells secrete cytokines that inhibit classical macrophage activation and stimulate the alternative pathway of macrophage activation

A

T

20
Q

What are the functions of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 ?

A

IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit the classical pathway of macrophage activation
IL-4 and IL-13 can activate macrophages to express mannose receptors and secrete growth factors that act on fibroblasts to increase collagen synthesis and fibrosis.

21
Q

What is the alternative macrophage activation?

A

A macrophage pathway mediated by TH2 cytokines may play a role in tissue repair following injury and may contribute to fibrosis and tissue damage in patients with chronic parasitic infection or allergic disease.

22
Q
  1. T/F: CD4+ cells kill infected cells with microbes in the cytoplasm: _________.
  2. Activated T cells decrease the expression of receptors for chemokines produced in T cell zones in the lymph nodes, while increasing the expression of receptors for __________, which is present in the blood.
  3. Which cytokine, secreted by macrophages, stimulates the differentiation of naïve CD4 cells into the TH1 subset? ____________.
  4. Which subset of CD4 cells activates macrophages through CD40 and CD40 ligand interaction and secretion of IFN-γ? ________________.
  5. TH17 cells secrete chemokines to attract _ _________ and ___________ to the site of infection, resulting in an amplified response.
A
  1. F
  2. Decrease, Sphigosine 1-phosphate (SIP)
  3. IL-12
  4. TH1
  5. neutrophils and macrophages
23
Q
  1. Which two cytokines are secreted by activated macrophages and act as chemoattractants for the recruitment of other leukocytes? and _____________________.
  2. IL-4 stimulates production of ____________ and IL-5 activates ____________.
  3. IL-4 and IL-5 are released by what subset of T cells? This response helps to eradicate _________ infections.
  4. Upon recognition of antigen, an activated CD8 cell releases granules containing ___________ and ___________, which kill target cells.
  5. Activated CTLs express __________, which binds to ____________ on target cells; binding induces apoptosis of the target cell.
A
  1. TNF and IL-1
  2. IgE Eosinophils
  3. TH2
    Helminthic
  4. perforin
    Granzyme
  5. FAS Ligand
    FAS
24
Q

_____ cells are activated by cells deficient in expression of class I MHC molecules.

  1. Activated T cells (increase/decrease) expression of receptors for chemokines produced by T cell zones and (increase/decrease) expression of the receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate → migrate out of lymph node.
  2. Endothelium at the site of infection is exposed to cytokine ______ and ______.
  3. Activated T cells express high_____ levels of ligands for ___ and ___ selectins and the high affinity forms of integrin ___________.
  4. TNF and IL-1 increase expression of ________, _________, _______, and ________.
A
  1. NK
  2. Decrease
    Increase
  3. TNF and IL-1
  4. High
    E and P selectins
    LFA-1
  5. P Selectin
    E selectin
    ICAM-1
    VCAM-1
25
Q
  1. Rearrange the induction and effector phases of cell-mediated immunity:

a. Effector T cells encounter antigens in peripheral tissues
b. T cell expansion and differentiation
c. T cell effector functions
d. Antigen recognition in lymphoid organs
e. Differentiated effector T cells enter circulation
Correct order: _____  _____ _____ _____.

  1. Macrophage with microbe release _____ which change naïve CD4 to ____ cells.
  2. Activated CD4 T cells release LFA which acts on the endothelial cells to increase the _________ molecules and secretion of _________ → recruitment of ____________.
  3. TH1 cells express _____ ligand which binds to on macrophage.
  4. TH1 secrete ______ which binds to macrophage and stimulates the microbicidal function through biochemical pathways → destroy antigens.
A
  1. d b e a c
  2. IL-12
    TH1
  3. ICAM-1
    Cytokines
    Macrophages
  4. CD40 Ligand
    CD-40
  5. IFN-gamma
26
Q
  1. CD4 cells help differentiate __________ and _______.
  2. When antigen is recognized, TH2 cells release _____ and _____.
  3. IL-4 activates ____ antibody. IL-5 activates a type of white blood cells called __________. This is important in defense against ___________ infections.
  4. Helminthes are killed by the granule proteins of activated ____________ and by ____-mediated mast cell activation which releases mediators that are toxic to parasites.
  5. __Il-4___, _____ and _IL10_____ released by TH2 cells inhibit the microbicidal activities of macrophages which could be injurious consequences (alternative activation).
A 
21.
22. IL-4
      IL-10
23. IgE
      Eosinophils
24. Granzyme
      IgE 
25. IL-4 and IL-10
27
Q
  1. CTLs adhere tightly to their target cells with the help of __LFA-1 integrin_______.
  2. Granzyme activate enzymes called caspases__________ in the target cell causing __apotosis_________.
  3. Activated CTLs also express a membrane protein called ____FAS____ which binds to a death-inducing receptor called __FAS__ (CD95) on the target cell.
  4. CD8 T cells also activate __IFN-g__ which activates ____macrophages__________ → destroy phagocytosed microbes and enhance the recruitment of additional leukocytes.
  5. Rearrange for migration and retention of effector T cells at sites of infection.
    a. Effector T cells enter peripheral tissues
    b. Activated antigen-specific T cells are retained at site of infection and perform effector functions
    c. Increased expression of adhesion molecules on endothelium at site of infection à stable binding of activated T cells
    d. Antigen recognition by T cells specific for microbe

Correct order: __c___  _a____  _b d

A
  1. LFA-1 integrin
  2. Caspases
    Apotosis
  3. FAS Ligand
    FAS
  4. IFN-gamma
    Macrophages
  5. c a b d

Advanced Physiology (6 decks)

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