Immunity and Vaccines 2C Flashcards

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1
Q

What can help prevent a disease

A

A vaccine

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2
Q

What do vaccines contain, and what do they do?

A

Vaccines contain antigens, which produce memory cells, against a particular pathogen without causing disease this means that you become immune without causing symptoms, these antigens may be free or attached to a dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogen

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3
Q

Define herd immunity

A

Vaccine protect individuals that have had them, and because they reduce the occurrence of the disease, the people who are not vaccinated are also less likely to catch the disease because there are less people to catch it from

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4
Q

How are vaccines administered

A

They are injected into the muscle or administered orally

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of an oral vaccine

A

It could be broken down by enzymes in the gut or the molecules of the vaccine may be too large to be absorbed into the blood

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6
Q

What do booster vaccines do?

A

Ensure that memory cells are being produced

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7
Q

What does antigenic variation do

A

Helps some pathogens evade the immune system

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8
Q

What do antigens do

A

Activate the primary response

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9
Q

When is the secondary response stimulated

A

When you’re infected for a second time with the pathogen

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10
Q

Define genetic variation

A

When a pathogen changes their surface antigens so when you are infected for a second time the memory cells will not recognise the different antigens so the immune system starts again with primary response, this could be due to mutations

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11
Q

Examples where antigenic variation could take place

A

HIV and influenza virus

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12
Q

How does antigenic variation affect the production of vaccines to prevent people catching influenza virus

A

The flu vaccine changes every year , this is because the antigens on the surface of the influenza virus change regularly forming new strains of the virus
Memory cells will not recognise the antigens of the new strain. The strains are immunologically distinct
This is why a new vaccine needs to be made every year so that they are most effective

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13
Q

Describe active immunity

A

when your immune system makes its own antibodies

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14
Q

Define natural active immunity

A

When you become immune after catching a disease

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15
Q

Define artificial immunity

A

When you become immune after being given a vaccine containing a harmless dose of an antigen

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16
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

When you are immune due to being given antibodies made by another organism as your immune system does not produce them on its own

17
Q

Define Natural passive immunity

A

When a baby becomes immune due to the antibodies it receives from its mother

18
Q

Define artificial passive immunity

A

When you become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else

19
Q

Differences between active and passive immunity

A

Active immunity requires exposure to an antigen whereas passive immunity does not

In active immunity it takes a while for protection to develop whereas in passive immunity protection is immediate

In active immunity memory cells are produced whereas they are not produced in passive immunity

In active immunity protection is long term whereas in passive immunity is short term