immunity and infections

Question 1

what must the immune response deal with in order to eliminate the virus?

Answer 1

• viral products
• virions in the circulation
• virus infected cells

Question 2

what must the immune response deal with in order to eliminate the bacterial cells?

Answer 2

• bacterial cells

- prevent the spread of the bacteria in the body

Question 3

what must the immune response deal with in order to eliminate the fungal cells?

Answer 3

• spores
• mycelium made up of hyphae (the multicellular term)
• toxic products

fungi are usually extracellular but can be embedded in tissues

Question 4

what are parasitic pathogens?

Answer 4

• can be different sizes and the immune response must deal with them appropriately
• unicellular protozoans can be intra or extracellular
• multicellular life stages e.g. tissue cysts (brain toxoplasma), schizonts- malarial liver stages
  multicellular organisms e.g. hookworms, tapeworms ect

Question 5

what are the stages carried out by b-lymphocytes and antibodies?

Answer 5

1. neutralise a pathogen, stopping it from attaching to its specific receptor to enter its host cells
2. antibodies interact with other immune system components such as macrophages and natural killer cells, the toxin must interact with its target to have adverse side effects

Question 6

what are the general effects of botulinim?

Answer 6

botulinum from clostridium botulinum, one teaspoon could kill a quarter of the worlds population
its a zinc-dependant protease that inhibits neurotransmission at neuromuscular synapses caused flaccid or spastic paralysis