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BM108 🧬 > alternative strategies for infectious disease treatment > Flashcards

alternative strategies for infectious disease treatment Flashcards

1
Q

what are the conventional treatments for infectious diseases?

A

its usually drugs which are given orally and are cheap, ideally with a short doing regime (once) with no adverse side effects

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2
Q

what are the alternative strategies for disease treatment?

A

vaccination and passive transfer of antibodies

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3
Q

what do vaccines do?

A

they produce a protective antigen in the vaccinated person to prevent the disease
they can give lifelong specific immunity as specific immune response has memory

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4
Q

what are classical vaccinations?

A

they are attenuated organisms, killed organisms, purified compounds but many arent moral as they give side effects

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5
Q

what are new generational vaccines?

A

they’re purified sub-components, recombinant antigens, live infectious vectors and DNA vaccines

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6
Q

what is prevented by classical vaccines?

A

BCG, vaccinia, MMR and polio

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7
Q

what is prevented by new-generation vaccines?

A
  • purified sub-units: influenza haemagglutinin and neuraminidase
  • recombinant antigens: hepatitis A and B surface antigens
  • synthetic peptides: virus specific protein VP1 (foot and mouth disease)
  • live infectious vectors: BCG, vaccinia and an avirulent salmonella
    also Covid
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8
Q

what is the passive transfer of antibodies?

A

its also been known as ‘serum therapy’

it is when antibodies specific to a particular pathogen are administered early in the disease to help treat it

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9
Q

what are alternative therapies for disease treatment?

A
  1. treatment with t-cells

2. cytokine based therapies

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10
Q

what is treatment with t-cells used for?

A
  • its used to treat cancer and uses the body’s
  • cells these cells are then incubated with tumour specific antigen
  • this increases the population of tumour specific t-cells in the body
  • this is known as personalised medicine
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11
Q

what are the steps of CAR t-cell therapy?

A
  1. remove blood form the patient to get t-cells
  2. make CAR t-cells in the lab
  3. grow millions of CAR t-cells in the lab
  4. infuse CAR t-cells into the patient
  5. CAR t-cells then bind to the cancer cells and kill them
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12
Q

what does CAR in CAR t-cell therapy stand for? and what are they?

A

chimeric antigen receptors

theyre t-cells engineered to attach to a specific receptor on a persons body cell

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13
Q

how do CAR t-cells kill cancer cells?

A

their use is associated with the novel inflammatory process known as cytokine release syndrome

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14
Q

what do the ‘second generation’ CARs t-cells have a costimulatory domain derived from?

A

its derived from CD28 or CD137 (also known as 4-1BB) and CD3 zeta

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15
Q

what type of cancer are patients most likely to die from?

A

R/R B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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16
Q

what are the remission rates for CAR t-cell therapy?

A

67-90% for adults and paediatric patients R/R cancer who are given second-generation anti- CD19 CAR t-cells

17
Q

what are cytokines?

A

they are proteins that can act as messengers between cells
cells produce a variety of cytokines that act on other kinds of cells to induce an immune response
they’re produced as recombinant proteins

18
Q

in a viral infection, what 3 things must the immune system protect against?

A
  • the virions
  • the toxins (but not all viruses produce toxins)
  • the viral infected cells
19
Q

name 3 viruses that cause pathogenic infections in people?

A
  • Covid-19
  • HIV
  • influenza
20
Q

name 2 bacteria that cause pathogenic infections in people?

A

slamonella snd TB

20
Q

name 2 bacteria that cause pathogenic infections in people?

A

slamonella snd TB

21
Q

what are pathogenic infections?

A

they are infections caused by organisms which cause disease

22
Q

name 3 examples of parasitic pathogens?

A

roundworms
hookworms
malaria

23
Q

how can parasites be killed by macrophages?

A
  • they are engulfed by them (phagocytosis)
  • interferon-gamma from natural killer cells, CD4 + t-cells and CD8 + t-cells
    they produce nitric oxide and superoxide-reactive nitrogen/ reactive oxygen species that damage pathogenic organisms - damages the structural integrity of organisms
  • they produce enzymes that digest pathogen inside phagolysomes
23
Q

how can parasites be killed by macrophages?

A
  • they are engulfed by them (phagocytosis)
  • interferon-gamma from natural killer cells, CD4 + t-cells and CD8 + t-cells
    they produce nitric oxide and superoxide-reactive nitrogen/ reactive oxygen species that damage pathogenic organisms - damage the structural integrity of organisms
  • they produce enzymes that digest pathogens inside phagolysosomes
24
Q

what soluble proteins in the blood can act as opsoinin for macrophages?

A
  • antibodies

- compliment

25
Q

what decides the type of immune response to a pathogen?

A
  • the pathogen
  • how it infects,
  • where its found in the body
  • how it interacts with the hosts immune system
26
Q

what are the structures on pathogens that are recognised as foreign by innate cells called?

A

PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

27
Q

what are the main phagocytic cells in people?

A
  • macrophages

- neutrophils - there are billions in the body

28
Q

what is a vaccine and what can it be made from and give one example of a clinical vaccine?

A
  • a vaccine is something which induces a specific immune response and protects an individual from disease
  • its made from antigens from the pathogenic organism in order to immunise someone
  • it can be made from DNA, RNA, proteins or carbohydrates
  • examples of classical vaccines are influenza, polio and hepatitas A
29
Q

who discovered the first vaccine and what did it protect against?

A
  • edward jenner, ot protected against smallpox
  • he discovered it by deliberately infecting a little boy with cow pox and then exposing him to smallpox to see if he still caught it
  • it protected him because of the cross-reacting antigens
30
Q

what can be used to passively transfer immunity?

A
  • antibodies are the type of immunity transferred
  • in breast milk and through the placenta
  • also in antiserum which is used to treat snake bites
31
Q

what are cytokines?

give an example of a treatment using them?

A

theyre proteins produced by cells

interferon-alpha has been approved for the treatment of melanoma and blood cancers

32
Q

how would you differentiate a virus pathogen from other types of pathogens?

A

theyre much smaller (10-400nm)
the genetic material can be DNA or RNA
its an intracellular pathogen
to may also have a protein coat and a causule of lipid and carbohydrate

BM108 🧬 (17 decks)

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