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Physiology NBCE > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of immunity?

A

nonspecific (innate)

specific (acquired after initial exposure)

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2
Q

What are some physical features and chemical features of innate immunity?

A

depends on the physical barriers such as: skin, GI, respiratory, epithelium

chemical factors like acid pH of stomach or vagina

vascular or phagocytic responses that result from injured or infected cells

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3
Q

How is the complement system involved in innate immunity?

A

to defend against infection by promoting phagocytosis and killing cells directly

it produces a series of activities (OILCAN)

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4
Q

What does opsonization do?

A

makes target cells more susceptible to phagocytosis

complement fragments (opsonins) bind to the surface of bacteria –> phagocytic cells with receptors for these fragments become attached to the opsonized bacteria –> increases the binding of bacteria for phagocytosis

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5
Q

What activates inflammation?

A

mast cells in anaphylaxis

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6
Q

What causes lysis?

A

due to the increased efficiency of bacterial phagocytosis

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7
Q

What is chemotaxis responsible for?

A

attract specific white blood cells to the area of damage

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8
Q

What does agglutination do?

A

changes the surface of the invading bacteria to make them sticky

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9
Q

Neutralization of the ______ sites on the surface of the antigen.

A

toxic

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10
Q

What does specific or acquired immunity do?

A

involves the production of antibodies against specific foreign antigens by lymphocytes

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11
Q

What do specific immune responses rely on?

A

lymphocytes

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12
Q

Specific/acquired immunity may be mediated by?

A

humoral (antibody) responses or cell-mediated (no antibodies)

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13
Q

In specific/acquired immunity some tissues will tolerate antigens without eliciting an inflammatory response. What are they?

A

brain, eye, testis, and the fetus

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14
Q

What are some products of immune cells within specific/acquired immunity?

A

tumor necrosis factor
immunoglobulins
cytokines
transforming growth factor

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15
Q

What does antibody mediated immunity depend on?

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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16
Q

What are 4 features of B lymphocytes?

A

involved in the generation of humoral immunity
mature in bone marrow
aka plasma cells
make antibodies in the form of immunoglobulins

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17
Q

What are 3 features of T lymphocytes?

A

mature in thymus
involved in cell-mediated immunity
through the production of activated T-lymphocytes

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18
Q

There are T cell precursors in the bone marrow that go to the thymus where they differentiate into two types of T cells. What are they?

A

CD8 ad CD4 T cells

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19
Q

What do the CD8 T cells do?

A

become cytotoxic T cells which kill virus infected, neoplastic and donor graft cells

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20
Q

What do the CD4 T cells do?

A

differentiate into Helper T cells which develop into Th1 and Th2 cells

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21
Q

What do Th1 cells do?

A

activate macrophages

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22
Q

What do Th2 cells to do?

A

help B cells to make antibodies

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23
Q

Antibodies belong to a class of proteins called ____________ in the shape of a Y.

A

immunoglobulins

24
Q

What is the more abundant immunoglobulin in circulation and what does it do?

A

IgG

promotes phagocytosis and cell lysis, confers passive immunity

25
Q

What is the most abundantly produced immunoglobulin and where is it present?

A

IgA

saliva, tears, and breast milk

26
Q

What does IgM promote?

A

aggulination, phagocytosis and cell lysis

27
Q

Where is IgD found?

A

surface antibody on B lymphocytes

function unclear

28
Q

What is IgE important for?

A

parasitic infections and come allergic responses

29
Q

What determines the type of immunoglobulin?

A

the Fc (tail of the Y) region

30
Q

What is responsible for antigen binding specificity?

A

Fab (arms of the Y)

31
Q

Antibodies bind to __________, thus promoting their destruction.

A

antigens

32
Q

Which immunoglobulin is secondary response and is most abundant?

A

IgG

33
Q

Which immunoglobulin is primary response and is first in the fetus?

A

IgM

34
Q

Which immunoglobulin is apart of compliment fixation and can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

35
Q

What does cell- mediated immunity rely on?

A

activated T lymphocytes

36
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity important for?

A

combating viral and fungal infections as well as against potential cancer cells

37
Q

When are T cells activated?

A

by exposure to foreign antigens which are bound by specific surface receptors

38
Q

Name the 3 types of T lymphocytes.

A

helper T lymphocytes
cytotoxic (killer) T lymphocytes
supressor T lymphocytes

39
Q

Which T lymphocytes are most numerous?

A

helper T lymphocytes

40
Q

Which T lymphocytes are activated by macrophage-processed antigens?

A

helper T lymphocytes

41
Q

Once helper T lymphocytes are stimulated what is released?

A

lymphokines, interleukin 2-6 and interferon are released

42
Q

What do cytotoxic (killer) T lymphocytes do?

A

lyse cells carrying the antigens to which they are sensitive; Lymphokine Activated Killer (LAK) cells are activated by lymphokines

43
Q

What do suppressor T lymphocytes do?

A

inhibit lymphocytic function

44
Q

Cell- mediated responses persist _______ than antibody responses.

A

longer

45
Q

Natural active immunity.

A

immunity involves the production of antibodies after infection

46
Q

Natural passive immunity.

A

occurs when the antibodies are produced in the mother and are transferred at birth to the infant

47
Q

Artificial active immunity.

A

the antibody production is induced my immunizations

48
Q

Artificial passive immunity.

A

antibodies are produced elsewhere (like in horses) and injected into or transferred to the patient

49
Q

Natural active and artificial active immunity.

A

longer-lasting compared to natural passive and artificial passive immunity which is short lived

50
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions- ACID.

A

Type I- Anaphylactic
Type II- Cytotoxic
Type III- Immune complex
Type IV- Delayed hypersensitivity

51
Q

Explain Type I or Anaphylactic hypersensitivity rxn.

A

the antigen reacts with IgE causing mast cells to release histamine, heparin, as seen in allergies and asthma

52
Q

Examples of Type II or Cytotoxic hypersensitivity rxn.

A

IgG, IgM destroys cells-erythroblastosis fetalis, acute transfusion reaction, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ITP, Graves disease, Goodpasture syndrome and Myasthenia gravis

53
Q

Explain Type III or Immune complex hypersensitivity rxn.

A

IgG mediated-immune complex triggers inflammation, as seen in serum sickness, SLE, RA, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and farmer’s lung

54
Q

Examples of Type IV or Delayed hypersensitivity rxn.

A

T cell mediated as seen in Mantoux testing for TB, Touching poison ivy contact dermatitis, chronic Transplant rejection and Type 1 diabetes mellitus

NO ANTIBODIES PRODUCED

55
Q

There are two classes of major histocompatability complexes. What are they?

A

Class I: antigens are found on all nucleated cells, recognized by CD8 (T killer) cells

Class II: found only on antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, recognized by CD4 cells

Physiology NBCE (6 decks)

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