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Physiology NBCE > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the master control gland in the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

the hypothalamus through a negative feedback loop

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3
Q

Name the two lobes that the pituitary gland is divided into.

A
  1. anterior lobe

2. posterior lobe

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4
Q

Another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

A

adenohypophysis

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5
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary lobe/adenohypophysis?

A

secretes the following hormones; ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, under the influence of releasing factors (except prolactin) from the hypothalamus

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6
Q

What stimulates ACTH?

A

corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

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7
Q

Two names for ACTH.

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin

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8
Q

Function of ACTH.

A

governs synthesis of cortisol and pregnenolone in the adrenal cortex

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9
Q

What syndrome has increased ACTH?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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10
Q

What stimulates FSH?

A

gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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11
Q

Function of FSH?

A

stimulates the follicles in the ovaries to produce estrogen and stimulates sertoli cells for spermatogenesis

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12
Q

What stimulates LH?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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13
Q

Function of LH?

A

stimulates ovulation and the production of progesterone in the ovary.

stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig in the testis to produce testosterone

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14
Q

What stimulates GH?

A

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

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15
Q

Another name for GH?

A

growth hormone of somatotropin

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16
Q

Function of GH?

A

stimulates bone and tissue growth through somatomedins A-C

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17
Q

What does an increase in GH result in?

A

gigantism or acromegaly

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18
Q

What does a decrease in GH result in?

A

dwarfism

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19
Q

What is TSH stimulated by?

A

thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)

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20
Q

Function of TSH?

A

stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxin

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21
Q

What does an increase in thyroxin result in?

A

hyperthyroidism

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22
Q

What does a decrease in thyroxin result in?

A

hypothyroidism

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23
Q

What is prolactin affected by?

A

prolactin inhibiting factor (dopamine) and TRH

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24
Q

Another name for the posterior pituitary lobe.

A

neurohypophysis

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25
Q

What two hormones are stored (but not secreted) in the posterior pituitary lobe/neurohypophysis?

A
  1. oxytocin

2. ADH

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26
Q

What structure is oxytocin secreted by?

A

the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus

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27
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

it stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during labor and the myoepithelial cells in the breast (milk ejection) and also plays a role in maternal bonding

released and stimulated by nipple stimulation

oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism

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28
Q

Where is ADH released?

A

the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

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29
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

it acts on the collecting ducts in the kidney and it is released in response to water deprivation

prevents water from being excreted in the urine (diuresis)

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30
Q

What does lack of ADH result in?

A

diabetes insipidus (polyuria and polydypsia)

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31
Q

Where is the pars intermedia located?

A

between the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes

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32
Q

What does the pars intermedia secrete?

A

melanin stimulating hormone

33
Q

What does melanin stimulating hormone do?

A

it stimulates the production of melanin by the melanocytes in the skin

it is produced from pro-opiomelancortin from which MSH and ACTH are formed

34
Q

What is another name for hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

35
Q

What does hyperthyroidism result in?

A

exophthalmos, weight loss, and tremors

36
Q

What does hypothyroidism result in?

A

cretinism in children and myxedema in adults with weight gain, coarse hair, and decreased metabolism

37
Q

What do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete?

A

calcitonin

38
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

takes calcium from the blood and puts in back into the bone (tones the bones!!!!)

39
Q

What is PTH secreted by?

A

chief cells in the parathyroid glands

40
Q

What does PTH do?

A

it takes calcium from the bones and puts it back into the blood

increased calcium reabsorption in the kidney by acting on the cells in the distal convoluted tubules

increases calcium absorption from the gut

41
Q

What is hypocalcemia due to?

A

hypoparathroidism

it excites the nervous system and results in tetany and muscle spasm

42
Q

What is hypercalcemia due to?

A

hyperparathroidism

results in muscle fatigue

43
Q

Name the two parts that the adrenal gland is divided into.

A

cortex and medulla

44
Q

Name the three layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep.

A 
zona golmerulosa (salty)
zona fasciculata (sweet) 
zona reticularis (sex)
45
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

aldosterone

46
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

cortisol

47
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

pregnenolone

48
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

a mineralocorticoid (salt)

49
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

it acts on the kidney to regulate Na reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubule

causes water retention and an increase in blood pressure

50
Q

Aldosterone is under the influence of renin. Which cells secrete renin?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

51
Q

What disease is excess aldosterone seen in?

A

primary hyperaldosteronism aka Conn’s syndrome

52
Q

What does hyperaldosteronism aka Conn’s syndrome result in?

A

high Na+, hypertenstion, and low K+

53
Q

What is cortisol?

A

a glucocorticoid (sweet)

54
Q

What is the function of cortisol? (THERE ARE 6)

A

regulates metabolism of the following:

  1. fat- increases lipogenesis by increaseing adipocyte lipoprotein lipase activity
  2. carbohydrates- increases glycogenesis by stimulation of glycogen synthetase activity
  3. proteins- increases gluconeogenesis through increased protein breakdown
  4. maintains blood pressure by upregulating alpha-1 receptors in arterioles
  5. decreased bone formation resulting in osteoporosis by increasing osteoclastic activity
  6. suppresses inflammation by inhibiting phospholipase A2 activity
55
Q

What hormones are derived from androsteinone which is derived from pregnenolone (sex)?

A

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

56
Q

What disease occurs as a result from destruction of the adrenal cortex?

A

Addison’s disease

57
Q

What does Addison’s disease cause?

A

weight loss, low blood pressure, and bronzing of the skin

58
Q

What are all adrenal cortex hormones produced from?

A

cholesterol

59
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine (80%) and nor-epinephrine (20%)

60
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A

behaves like a sympathetic ganglion as it is supplied by preganglionic sympathetic splanchnic fibers which pass through the celiac ganglion

61
Q

What is nor-epinephrine produced from?

A

tyrosine which is derived from phenylalanine

62
Q

What neurotransmitter is removed by the reuptake from the synaptic cleft into the nerve ending where it is destroyed by the mono-amine oxidase (MAO)?

A

nor-epinephrine

63
Q

Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine are hormones and neurotransmitters within the sympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the fight or flight response which includes…

A

increased heart rate

dilate arteries to skeletal muscle and the heart

dilate the bronchi and the pupil

decreases gut motility

constrict the bladder and bowel sphincters and blood vessels to the skin

contract the erector pili muscles in the skin

decrease salivary secretion and increase sweat production

64
Q

Increased secretion of nor-epinephrine is seen in ___________________.

A

pheochromocytoma

65
Q

Pheochromocytoma results in the 4 P’s… What are they?

A

perspiration
heart palpitations
paroxysms of hypertension
pressure headaches

66
Q

Where are the endocrine cells of the pancreas found?

A

in the islets of Langerhans

67
Q

What is insulin secreted by?

A

beta type of islet cells

68
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

moves glucose from in the blood to inside the cells

69
Q

What are the 4 GLUT tissue specific transporters that carry glucose and their functions?

A

GLUT 1 : erythrocytes and brain
GLUT 2 : liver and beta islet cells
GLUT 3 : neurons
GLUT 4 : skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

70
Q

What does insulin promote?

A

synthesis of fat, glycogen, and protein and cellular uptake of potassium

71
Q

What does insulin inhibit?

A

gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and protein degradation

72
Q

When is excess insulin seen?

A

in insulin secreting tumors (insulinoma)- produces low blood sugar levels

73
Q

Insulin secretion is stimulated by which two amino acids?

A

alanine and leucine

74
Q

What does a decrease in insulin secretion or function result in?

A

diabetes mellitus and produces polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, and pruritus

75
Q

What is glucagon secreted by?

A

alpha cells

76
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

causes the liver to convert glycogen to glucose (promotes glycogenolysis)

77
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

when blood glucose levels are low

78
Q

What is somatostatin secreted by?

A

delta cells of the pancreas
D cells in the stomach
hypothalamus

79
Q

Somatostatin is also known as growth hormone inhibitory hormone and inhibits these 5 substances.

A 
Renin 
Insulin
Growth hormone 
Gastrin 
Glucagon

Physiology NBCE (6 decks)

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