Hematology Flashcards
Functions of blood. (5)
gas transport immunity clotting transport of nutrients transport of waste
What is the average total blood volume in a 70kg man?
5 liters
Blood is made up of cells (45%) and ______ (55%).
plasma
About how many red blood cells are in blood?
4.5-6 million per milliliter of peripheral blood
About how many white blood cells are in blood?
5,000-10,000 per milliliter of peripheral blood
About how many platelets in blood?
150,000-300,000 per milliliter of peripheral blood
What 4 things does plasma contain?
electrolytes, glucose, urea and protein
Where do all blood cells come from?
pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells
What does totipotent cells do?
give rise to ANY and ALL cell types
What does pluripotent cells do?
may give rise to several cell types
What do unipotent cells do?
can only develop one cell type
Where are all of the blood cells located?
in the marrow in adults and in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow in the fetus
What are the two different cell lines?
myeloid and lymphoid
What are the two lines that the lymphoid cell line gives rise to?
B cells and T cells
Where are B cells activated and where are they found?
Activated in bone marrow
plasma cells or B lymphocytes are found in blood and in lymphoid tissue
Where are T cells activated and where are they found?
activated in the thymus
found in the blood
What cell lines do the myeloid cell line give rise to?
erythroblasts, granulocytes, monocytes, and megakaryocytes
What do erythrocytes develop into and what are they stimulated by?
develop into reticulocytes and finally adult red blood cells
stimulated by erythropoietin released by the kidney
What do granulocytes develop into?
basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
What do monocytes become?
macrophages once they migrate into the tissues
What to megakaryocytes develop into?
platelets
What are red blood cells and what do they do?
doughnut shaped cells that carry hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
What are the types of white blood cells and what do they do?
neutrophils- bacterial infections (60%)
lymphocytes- viral or chronic infections (30%)
monocytes- macrophage activity in tissues (8%)
eosinophils- parasitic infection (2%)
basophils- Hypersensitivity or allergies (0%)
How are white blood cells classified?
they are classified according to the presence or absence of granules stainable with the standard hematoxylin and eosin stains used in the lab.
What are the granulocytes?
basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils
What are the agranulocytes?
lymphocytes
monocytes
What is phagocytosis?
the process by which the white blood cells ingest offending agents in the tissue
Which cells are most responsible for phagocytosis?
neutrophils and macrophages which are the antigen-presenting cells
Most natural structures in the tissues have _______ surfaces which resist phagocytes and protective ________ coats that repel phagocytes.
smooth
protein
What types of tissues have no protective coats, which makes them more susceptible to phagocytosis?
dead tissue and foreign particles
Both neutrophils and macrophages have __________ filled with proteolytic enzymes.
lysosomes
What happens after phagocytosis?
the lysosomes come in contact with the ingested material and dump their enzymes into the phagocytic vesicle and digestion begins
What two types of cells are bacterial agents that are capable of killing most bacteria?
neutrophils and macrophages
Where are macrophages found?
in the skin,subcutaneous tissue, lungs, lymph nodes, liver (Kupffer cells), spleen, and bone marrow
What are the two pathways associated with blood clotting?
intrinsic and extrinsic
What activates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
vascular damage
factor XII is activated by a chemical derived by damaged tissue
factor XII activates factor XI
factor XI activates factor IX
factors IX and VIII activates factor X
What activates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
tissue damage
factor VII is activated by chemical released by vascular damages
factor VII activates factor X
What does factor X convert prothrombin to?
to thrombin
Thrombin converts ___________ to fibrin which forms the clot.
fibrinogen
What test is related to the extrinsic pathway?
the prothrombin test (PeT)
What test is related to the intrinsic pathway?
the partial thromboplastin test (PiTT)
What are the common blood groups?
ABO and Rh
depends on the presence of A, B, or Rh antigens on the surface of red blood cells
What antigens and antibodies are found in Group A blood?
A antigens
B antibodies
What antigens and antibodies are found in Group B blood?
B antigens
A antibodies
What antigens and antibodies are found in group AB blood?
A and B antigens
NO antibodies
can receive all blood types- UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
What antigens and antibodies are found in Group O blood?
No A or B antigens
can be safely given to patients with all blood types
UNIVERSAL DONOR
What happens if incompatible blood is given to a patient?
the antibodies to the A or B antigens will cause the transfused red blood cells to agglutinate and clump together
this leads to the destruction of the transfused blood
similar process when a Rh negative mother is exposed to blood from a Rh positive fetus
