Hematology

Question 1

Functions of blood. (5)

Answer 1

gas transport 
immunity
clotting 
transport of nutrients 
transport of waste

Question 2

What is the average total blood volume in a 70kg man?

Answer 2

5 liters

Question 3

Blood is made up of cells (45%) and ______ (55%).

Answer 3

plasma

Question 4

About how many red blood cells are in blood?

Answer 4

4.5-6 million per milliliter of peripheral blood

Question 5

About how many white blood cells are in blood?

Answer 5

5,000-10,000 per milliliter of peripheral blood

Question 6

About how many platelets in blood?

Answer 6

150,000-300,000 per milliliter of peripheral blood

Question 7

What 4 things does plasma contain?

Answer 7

electrolytes, glucose, urea and protein

Question 8

Where do all blood cells come from?

Answer 8

pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells

Question 9

What does totipotent cells do?

Answer 9

give rise to ANY and ALL cell types

Question 10

What does pluripotent cells do?

Answer 10

may give rise to several cell types

Question 11

What do unipotent cells do?

Answer 11

can only develop one cell type

Question 12

Where are all of the blood cells located?

Answer 12

in the marrow in adults and in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow in the fetus

Question 13

What are the two different cell lines?

Answer 13

myeloid and lymphoid

Question 14

What are the two lines that the lymphoid cell line gives rise to?

Answer 14

B cells and T cells

Question 15

Where are B cells activated and where are they found?

Answer 15

Activated in bone marrow

plasma cells or B lymphocytes are found in blood and in lymphoid tissue

Question 16

Where are T cells activated and where are they found?

Answer 16

activated in the thymus

found in the blood

Question 17

What cell lines do the myeloid cell line give rise to?

Answer 17

erythroblasts, granulocytes, monocytes, and megakaryocytes

Question 18

What do erythrocytes develop into and what are they stimulated by?

Answer 18

develop into reticulocytes and finally adult red blood cells

stimulated by erythropoietin released by the kidney

Question 19

What do granulocytes develop into?

Answer 19

basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

Question 20

What do monocytes become?

Answer 20

macrophages once they migrate into the tissues

Question 21

What to megakaryocytes develop into?

Answer 21

platelets

Question 22

What are red blood cells and what do they do?

Answer 22

doughnut shaped cells that carry hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 23

What are the types of white blood cells and what do they do?

Answer 23

neutrophils- bacterial infections (60%)
lymphocytes- viral or chronic infections (30%)
monocytes- macrophage activity in tissues (8%)
eosinophils- parasitic infection (2%)
basophils- Hypersensitivity or allergies (0%)

Question 24

How are white blood cells classified?

Answer 24

they are classified according to the presence or absence of granules stainable with the standard hematoxylin and eosin stains used in the lab.

Question 25

What are the granulocytes?

Answer 25

basophils eosinophils neutrophils

Question 26

What are the agranulocytes?

Answer 26

lymphocytes | monocytes

Question 27

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 27

the process by which the white blood cells ingest offending agents in the tissue

Question 28

Which cells are most responsible for phagocytosis?

Answer 28

neutrophils and macrophages which are the antigen-presenting cells

Question 29

Most natural structures in the tissues have _______ surfaces which resist phagocytes and protective ________ coats that repel phagocytes.

Answer 29

smooth protein

Question 30

What types of tissues have no protective coats, which makes them more susceptible to phagocytosis?

Answer 30

dead tissue and foreign particles

Question 31

Both neutrophils and macrophages have __________ filled with proteolytic enzymes.

Answer 31

lysosomes

Question 32

What happens after phagocytosis?

Answer 32

the lysosomes come in contact with the ingested material and dump their enzymes into the phagocytic vesicle and digestion begins

Question 33

What two types of cells are bacterial agents that are capable of killing most bacteria?

Answer 33

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 34

Where are macrophages found?

Answer 34

in the skin,subcutaneous tissue, lungs, lymph nodes, liver (Kupffer cells), spleen, and bone marrow

Question 35

What are the two pathways associated with blood clotting?

Answer 35

intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 36

What activates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

Answer 36

vascular damage factor XII is activated by a chemical derived by damaged tissue factor XII activates factor XI factor XI activates factor IX factors IX and VIII activates factor X

Question 37

What activates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

Answer 37

tissue damage factor VII is activated by chemical released by vascular damages factor VII activates factor X

Question 38

What does factor X convert prothrombin to?

Answer 38

to thrombin

Question 39

Thrombin converts ___________ to fibrin which forms the clot.

Answer 39

fibrinogen

Question 40

What test is related to the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 40

the prothrombin test (PeT)

Question 41

What test is related to the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 41

the partial thromboplastin test (PiTT)

Question 42

What are the common blood groups?

Answer 42

ABO and Rh depends on the presence of A, B, or Rh antigens on the surface of red blood cells

Question 43

What antigens and antibodies are found in Group A blood?

Answer 43

A antigens | B antibodies

Question 44

What antigens and antibodies are found in Group B blood?

Answer 44

B antigens | A antibodies

Question 45

What antigens and antibodies are found in group AB blood?

Answer 45

A and B antigens NO antibodies can receive all blood types- UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

Question 46

What antigens and antibodies are found in Group O blood?

Answer 46

No A or B antigens can be safely given to patients with all blood types UNIVERSAL DONOR

Question 47

What happens if incompatible blood is given to a patient?

Answer 47

the antibodies to the A or B antigens will cause the transfused red blood cells to agglutinate and clump together this leads to the destruction of the transfused blood similar process when a Rh negative mother is exposed to blood from a Rh positive fetus