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Physiology NBCE > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood. (5)

A 
gas transport 
immunity
clotting 
transport of nutrients 
transport of waste
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2
Q

What is the average total blood volume in a 70kg man?

A

5 liters

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3
Q

Blood is made up of cells (45%) and ______ (55%).

A

plasma

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4
Q

About how many red blood cells are in blood?

A

4.5-6 million per milliliter of peripheral blood

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5
Q

About how many white blood cells are in blood?

A

5,000-10,000 per milliliter of peripheral blood

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6
Q

About how many platelets in blood?

A

150,000-300,000 per milliliter of peripheral blood

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7
Q

What 4 things does plasma contain?

A

electrolytes, glucose, urea and protein

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8
Q

Where do all blood cells come from?

A

pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells

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9
Q

What does totipotent cells do?

A

give rise to ANY and ALL cell types

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10
Q

What does pluripotent cells do?

A

may give rise to several cell types

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11
Q

What do unipotent cells do?

A

can only develop one cell type

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12
Q

Where are all of the blood cells located?

A

in the marrow in adults and in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow in the fetus

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13
Q

What are the two different cell lines?

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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14
Q

What are the two lines that the lymphoid cell line gives rise to?

A

B cells and T cells

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15
Q

Where are B cells activated and where are they found?

A

Activated in bone marrow

plasma cells or B lymphocytes are found in blood and in lymphoid tissue

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16
Q

Where are T cells activated and where are they found?

A

activated in the thymus

found in the blood

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17
Q

What cell lines do the myeloid cell line give rise to?

A

erythroblasts, granulocytes, monocytes, and megakaryocytes

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18
Q

What do erythrocytes develop into and what are they stimulated by?

A

develop into reticulocytes and finally adult red blood cells

stimulated by erythropoietin released by the kidney

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19
Q

What do granulocytes develop into?

A

basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

20
Q

What do monocytes become?

A

macrophages once they migrate into the tissues

21
Q

What to megakaryocytes develop into?

A

platelets

22
Q

What are red blood cells and what do they do?

A

doughnut shaped cells that carry hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

23
Q

What are the types of white blood cells and what do they do?

A

neutrophils- bacterial infections (60%)
lymphocytes- viral or chronic infections (30%)
monocytes- macrophage activity in tissues (8%)
eosinophils- parasitic infection (2%)
basophils- Hypersensitivity or allergies (0%)

24
Q

How are white blood cells classified?

A

they are classified according to the presence or absence of granules stainable with the standard hematoxylin and eosin stains used in the lab.

25
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

26
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

27
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

the process by which the white blood cells ingest offending agents in the tissue

28
Q

Which cells are most responsible for phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils and macrophages which are the antigen-presenting cells

29
Q

Most natural structures in the tissues have _______ surfaces which resist phagocytes and protective ________ coats that repel phagocytes.

A

smooth

protein

30
Q

What types of tissues have no protective coats, which makes them more susceptible to phagocytosis?

A

dead tissue and foreign particles

31
Q

Both neutrophils and macrophages have __________ filled with proteolytic enzymes.

A

lysosomes

32
Q

What happens after phagocytosis?

A

the lysosomes come in contact with the ingested material and dump their enzymes into the phagocytic vesicle and digestion begins

33
Q

What two types of cells are bacterial agents that are capable of killing most bacteria?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

34
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

in the skin,subcutaneous tissue, lungs, lymph nodes, liver (Kupffer cells), spleen, and bone marrow

35
Q

What are the two pathways associated with blood clotting?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

36
Q

What activates the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

A

vascular damage

factor XII is activated by a chemical derived by damaged tissue
factor XII activates factor XI
factor XI activates factor IX
factors IX and VIII activates factor X

37
Q

What activates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

A

tissue damage

factor VII is activated by chemical released by vascular damages
factor VII activates factor X

38
Q

What does factor X convert prothrombin to?

A

to thrombin

39
Q

Thrombin converts ___________ to fibrin which forms the clot.

A

fibrinogen

40
Q

What test is related to the extrinsic pathway?

A

the prothrombin test (PeT)

41
Q

What test is related to the intrinsic pathway?

A

the partial thromboplastin test (PiTT)

42
Q

What are the common blood groups?

A

ABO and Rh

depends on the presence of A, B, or Rh antigens on the surface of red blood cells

43
Q

What antigens and antibodies are found in Group A blood?

A

A antigens

B antibodies

44
Q

What antigens and antibodies are found in Group B blood?

A

B antigens

A antibodies

45
Q

What antigens and antibodies are found in group AB blood?

A

A and B antigens
NO antibodies

can receive all blood types- UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

46
Q

What antigens and antibodies are found in Group O blood?

A

No A or B antigens
can be safely given to patients with all blood types

UNIVERSAL DONOR

47
Q

What happens if incompatible blood is given to a patient?

A

the antibodies to the A or B antigens will cause the transfused red blood cells to agglutinate and clump together

this leads to the destruction of the transfused blood

similar process when a Rh negative mother is exposed to blood from a Rh positive fetus

Physiology NBCE (6 decks)

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