Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
Vaccination
A
- Weakened/dead or products of a pathogen in a vaccine
- Usually introduced into body by injection
- Bodies immune system responds
- Antibodies produced to deal with perceived threat
- Person does not get ill since no actual pathogen is present
- Immunity acquired (memory of particular pathogen)
- Often booster vaccines required for life long immunity
- When the actual pathogen enters body, immune response initiated
- Response much quicker due to memory from vaccine
- Person does not suffer disease due to immunity
2
Q
Lymph node
A
- Small mass of tissue that filters lymph
- Holds lymphocytes
3
Q
Pandemic
A
- An epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region;
- for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide
4
Q
Passive immunity
A
- Preformed antibodies found in the blood
- providing short term immunity
- Naturally acquired for babies through placenta and breast milk
- Artificially acquired by injection of specific antibodies
5
Q
Naturally acquired active immunity
A
- Person exposed to pathogen
- Immune system develops a response to a particular antigen
- Person recovers
- A memory is retained for that particular pathogen
- This allows a rapid response when re-exposed
- The person is now immune to this pathogen
6
Q
Causes of inflammation
A
- Mast cells produce histamines when damaged
- Blood vessels dilate increasing blood flow
- Extra tissue fluid forced into area
- phagocytic cells accumulate to clean up
7
Q
Phagocytic cell example and role
A
- Macrophages,
- engulf pathogens and foreign matter
8
Q
Cells responsible for specific immunity
A
White blood cells:
- B-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes
9
Q
Primary immune response
A
- Lag in response
- Antibodies slowly manufactured
- Pathogen able to increase numbers
- Individual suffers from disease
10
Q
Spleen
A
- Organ that identifies and responds to foreign matter in blood
- filters and destroys bacteria and worn out red blood cells
- blood reservoir
11
Q
Tonsils
A
- Large group of lymph nodes
- Protects mouth and nose from bacteria and foreign substances
12
Q
Epidemic
A
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
13
Q
Lymph
A
- Lymph fluid forms from excess tissue fluid
- Lymph drains into subclavian veins (bloodstream) becoming blood plasma
14
Q
Antigen
A
- A protein in cell membranes that causes a specific immune response
- Different cells have different antigens specific to them
15
Q
Cell mediated immune response
A
- T-lymphocytes attach to antigens on pathogen or infected cells
- They kill or destroy foreign cells
16
Q
Non-specific defences
A
- Barriers (e.g. Skin, mucous)
- Specialised cells (e.g. Phagocytes)
- Chemicals (e.g. Histamine)
- Genetic barriers (e.g. Host specific diseases)
17
Q
Thymus gland
A
- Found near the heart
- T-lymphocytes mature and specialise here
18
Q
The two levels of the bodies’ defence system against pathogens
A
- Non-specific (innate) immunity
- Specific immunity
19
Q
Artificially acquired active immunity
A
- Vaccination
- person exposure to a pathogens antigens (dead/weakened pathogen)
- immune system responds to the perceived threat
- Immune system memory is formed
- if the real pathogen arrives there is a rapid immune response
20
Q
Chemicals/fluids secreted as chemical barriers
A
- Sebaceous gland secretions
- Perspiration
- Tears
- Hydrochloric acid in the stomach
- Lysozymes
- Interferons
21
Q
Herd immunity
A
- If enough individuals are immune to a pathogen
- the pathogen cannot effectively spread through the population
- if not enough are immune, an epidemic can result
22
Q
Secondary immune response
A
- Short delay in response
- Rapid increase in production of antibodies
- Pathogen destroyed
- Little/no disease symptoms
23
Q
Visible signs of inflammation
A
- Swelling
- Redness
- area feels warm
- puss
24
Q
Pus
A
An accumulation of dead foreign matter, phagocytic cells and tissue cells
25
Q
Antibody mediated immune response
A
- B-lymphocytes specialise
- Divide to produce plasma cells
- Release antibodies
- Pathogens destroyed by antibodies
26
Q
How are B and T-lymphocytes made
A
- Stem cells in bone marrow grow into B- and T-lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes accumulate in the lymph nodes
- T-lymphocytes first mature in the thymus gland before accumulating in the lymph nodes
27
Q
Internal plant defence against microbes
A
- Receptors called resistance proteins
- recognise specific pathogens or strains to activate a chemical response
- Bioflavonoids - substances which are antibacterial and antiviral
- Genetic resistance - genetically less prone to certain pathogens
- Wound healing - ability to seal up injuries and produce chemicals to prevent pathogens from entering
28
Q
The lymphatic system
A
- Lymph vessels
- Lymph nodes
- Lymph fluid containing lymphocytes
29
Q
Examples of a plants passive defences against microbes
A
- Waxy cuticle
- Thick bark
- Bioflavonoids (anti microbe chemicals)
