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LS 11 - Life Sciences > Community Interactions > Flashcards

Community Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Trophic levels

A

Feeding levels

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2
Q

The main trophic levels in an ecosystem

A
  • Producers
  • Consumers
  • Decomposers
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3
Q

Predation

A

A feeding interaction where a predator eats the prey

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4
Q

Predator adaptation examples

A
  • Agile
  • Speedy
  • Good sense of sight and smell
  • Predator dentition and claws
  • Camouflage
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5
Q

Example prey adaptations

A
  • Herding
  • Camoflage
  • Warning colouration
  • Poisonous secretions
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6
Q

Predator prey relationships

A
  • Similar fluctuations in numbers since predators depend on prey for food
  • Predators control numbers of prey
  • Prey determine numbers of predators
  • A density dependent factor
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7
Q

Predator-prey graph

A
  • A graph showing the interaction
  • General pattern is that there is a delay in response of predator numbers to increase or decrease
  • Generally fewer number of predators than prey
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8
Q

Features making lions succesful predators

A
  • Powerful and agile
  • Sharp teeth and claws
  • Camouflage
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9
Q

Typical prey of lions

A
  • Wildebeest
  • Zebra
  • Gemsbok
  • Kudu
  • Warthog
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10
Q

Lion biomes

A
  • Savannah
  • Grassland
  • Bushveld
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11
Q

Hunting strategy of lions

A
  • Females predominant hunters
  • Males help with bigger prey
  • Hunt usually at night
  • Ambush as a group (stalk till 30m away)
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12
Q

Hunting strategy of crocodiles

A
  • Drift quietly and unseen with submerged body
  • Ambush using high speed over short distances
  • Prey grasped with jaws and drowned
  • Chunks of carcass eaten as these rot underwater
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13
Q

Top predators

A

Animals at the top of the food chain with few or no natural predators

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14
Q

Competition

A

Occurs when individuals compete for the same limited resource

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15
Q

Ecological niche

A
  • Each species has its own particular role in an environment
  • This has a limiting effect on competition between different species
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16
Q

Competition between individuals of the same species

A

Intraspecific competition

17
Q

Examples of intraspecific competition

A
  • Yellowood trees in the same grove of forest compete for light
  • Piglets feeding from a sow compete for milk
18
Q

Competition between individual of different species

A

Interspecific competition

19
Q

Competition a density dependent or density independent factor?

A
  • Density dependent
  • The more individuals in a particular area, the more limited the available resources, the more competition there is
20
Q

Examples of interspecific competition

A
  • Different species of tree competing for light in a forest
  • Hyena and lions competing for food as they feed on a dead zebra
21
Q

Competitive exclusion

A
  • In a stable ecosystem
  • Two species will not be able to occupy the same niche for an extended time
  • One will outcompete the other
  • (Known as Gause’s Law)
22
Q

Organism originally used to illustrate Competitive Exclusion

A

Paramecium sp.

(Kingdom Protista)

23
Q

Resource partitioning

A
  • Two or more species can co-exist in the same habitat
  • because they occupy different specialised niches
  • E.g. different feeding times
  • E.g. Different parts of the habitat
24
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close and often long term interaction between two different species

25
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship between two species where both benefit

26
Q

Example mutualisms

A
  • Bees and flowers (pollination)
  • Honeyguide bird and humans (honey hunting)
27
Q

Commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship between two species where one benefits and the other is unaffected

28
Q

Examples of commensalism

A
  • Birds nesting in trees
  • Plant epiphytes on tree branches
  • Remora suckerfish and sharks
29
Q

Parasitism

A

A symbiotic relationship between two species where one benefits and the other is harmed

30
Q

Parasites living outside the host organism

A

Ectoparasites

31
Q

Parasites living inside the host organism

A

Endoparasites

32
Q

Example ectoparasites

A
  • Ticks on a dog
  • Aphids on a rosebush
  • Dodder on various plants
33
Q

Example endoparasites

A
  • Malaria
  • Bilharzia

LS 11 - Life Sciences (18 decks)

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