Immunity

Question 1

What is Immunity?

Answer 1

Immunity is the body’s ability to defend against disease-causing organisms by releasing antibodies.

Question 2

Types of Immunity?

Answer 2

-Innate (Natural/Non-specific) Immunity.
-Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity.

Question 3

Definition of Innate Immunity:

Answer 3

Immunity present at birth, providing immediate defense.

Question 4

Key Features of Innate Immunity:

Answer 4

Natural resistance using physical, physiological, cellular, and cytokine barriers.

Question 5

Phagocytes

Answer 5

Circulate, engulf, and destroy pathogens.

Question 6

Macrophages

Answer 6

Move through blood vessel walls and recruit immune cells via cytokines.

Question 7

Mast Cells

Answer 7

Aid in wound healing and defense.

Question 8

Neutrophils

Answer 8

Contain toxic granules to kill pathogens.

Question 9

Eosinophils

Answer 9

Contain proteins that kill bacteria and parasites.

Question 10

Basophils

Answer 10

Attack multicellular parasites, release histamine.

Question 11

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 11

Destroy infected host cells to stop infections.

Question 12

Dendritic Cells

Answer 12

Detect infections and activate the immune system via antigen presentation.

Question 13

Definition of Acquired Immunity

Answer 13

Immunity gained over time, specific to pathogens.

Question 14

Key Features of Acquired Immunity

Answer 14

Specificity, diversity, self/non-self recognition, and memory.

Question 15

Types of Acquired Immune Responses

Answer 15

-Humoral: Mediated by B-cells.
-Cell-mediated: Mediated by T-cells.

Question 16

B-cells

Answer 16

Develop in bone marrow, produce antibodies specific to antigens (Humoral Immunity).

Question 17

T-cells

Answer 17

Originate in bone marrow, mature in thymus.
Types: Helper, Cytotoxic, and Regulatory T-cells.

Question 18

Helper T-cells:

Answer 18

Release cytokines to activate B-cells.

Question 19

Cytotoxic T-cells

Answer 19

Destroy infected cells or cancer cells.

Question 20

Active Immunity

Answer 20

The body produces its own antibodies after exposure to a pathogen.

Question 20

Regulatory T-cells

Answer 20

Regulate immune reactions.

Question 21

Passive Immunity:

Answer 21

Antibodies are obtained externally (e.g., vaccines, maternal antibodies).
Types: Natural (e.g., breastfeeding) and Artificial (e.g., antibody injections).

Question 22

What is Autoimmunity?

Answer 22

A condition where the immune system attacks its own tissues (e.g., Type I Diabetes).

Question 23

What is a Vaccine?

Answer 23

A vaccine contains antigens of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production for future protection

Question 24

Types of Lymphoid Organs

Answer 24

-Primary Lymphoid Organs
-Secondary Lymphoid Organs
-Tertiary Lymphoid Organs

Question 25

Definition of Primary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 25

Central organs where lymphocytes are generated and mature from progenitor cells.

Question 26

Examples of Primary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 26

-Thymus: Maturation of T-cells.
-Bone marrow: Production of all blood cells, including B-cell maturation.

Question 27

Definition of Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 27

Peripheral organs where lymphocytes interact with antigens and initiate adaptive immune responses.

Question 28

Examples of Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 28

-Spleen: Filters blood and removes old/damaged cells.
-Lymph Nodes: Trap pathogens and activate lymphocytes.
-Tonsils: Protect against inhaled or ingested pathogens.
-Appendix: Part of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

Question 29

Definition of Tertiary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 29

Organs with fewer lymphocytes, primarily involved in the inflammation process.

Question 30

Role of Tertiary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 30

Play a critical role in immune responses during inflammation.