Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 002 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

Chapter1

1
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in various environments and play vital roles in life processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do bacteria obtain energy?

A

Through photosynthesis, chemosynthesis (autotrophs), or by consuming organic material (heterotrophs).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who first classified bacteria based on shape

A

Ferdinand Cohn’s (1872)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Monococcus (Mircococcus)

A

Monococuus: Represented by a single discrete round
ex: Micrococcus flavus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diplococcus

A

The cells of the diplococcus divides in a particular plain and remain attached after division
ex: Diplococcus pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Streptococcus

A

The cells divide repeatedly in one plane to form a chain of cells
ex: Streptococcus pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tetracoccus

A

Consist of four round cells, which are defined in two planes at right angles to one another
ex Gaffkya tetragena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Staphylococcus

A

The cells divide into three planes forming an irregular configuration, like grapes
ex: Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sarcina

A

The cells divide in three planes but they form a cube like configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria
ex: Bacillus cereus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vibrio

A

Curved, comma-shaped bacteria
ex: Vibrio cholerae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sprillia

A

Spiral or spring-like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella
ex: Spiralium volutans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria: Cell Wall Structure

A

-Thick Peptidoglycan Layer
-Teichoic and Lipoteichoic Acids
-No Outer Membrane
-can be broken down mechanically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria: Cell Wall Structure

A

-Thin Peptidoglycan Layer
-Outer Membrane consisting of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) lipoproteins, and phospholipids
-Periplasmic Space
-Cannot be broken done mechanically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria: Gram Staining

A

Retain the crystal violet dye during Gram staining, appearing purple under the microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria: Gram Staining

A

Do not retain the crystal violet dye and are counterstained with safranin, appearing pink/red under the microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria: Antibiotics

A

Generally more sensitive to antibiotics like penicillin and vancomycin due to the exposed peptidoglycan layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria: Antibiotics

A

Often more resistant to antibiotics because the outer membrane acts as a barrier to many drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria: EX

A

-Staphylococcus aureus:

-Streptococcus pyogenes:

-Clostridium botulinum:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria: EX

A

-Escherichia coli (E. coli):

-Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

-Neisseria gonorrhoeae:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do bacteria respond to oxygen?

A

-Aerobic (require oxygen)
ex: Pseudomonas

-Anaerobic (no oxygen)
ex: Clostridium botulinum

-Facultative anaerobes (either condition).
ex: Staphylococcus aureus

22
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Bacteria that thrive in extreme conditions (e.g., high temperature, acidity, or salinity).

23
Q

What are halophiles?

A

Salt-loving bacteria found in saline environments.
ex: Halococcus

24
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

Can live in high temperatures, up to 75 to 80°C
ex: Streptococcus thermophiles

25
Q

What are hyperthermophiles

A

Bacteria that have an optimum temp of growth above 80°C
ex: Thermotoga

26
Q

What are mesophiles?

A

These bacteria can grow best between (20°C - 30°C)
-Optimum growth is (37°C).
-Most human pathogens are mesophilic in nature
ex: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella

27
Q

What are psychrophiles?

A

Bacteria that can grow at 0°C or below
-Optimum temperature of growth is 15°C or below
-Max temp is 20°C
Ex: Vibrio marinus

28
Q

What are acidophiles?

A

These bacteria grow best at acidic pH
-Their cytoplasm is acidic in nature
ex: Thiobacillus thioxidans

29
Q

What are alkaliphiles?

A

Bacteria that grow best at alkaline pH
ex: Vibrio cholerae (8.2)

30
Q

Nuetrophiles

A

These bacteria grow best at nuetral pH (6.5-7.5)
ex: Escherichia coli (E. coli)

31
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

A process where bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms plants can use.

32
Q

Fimbriae

A

-made of fibrin protein and ranging hundreds in number
-used for attachment
ex: The fimbriae of E.coli helps to adhere in small intestine

33
Q

Glycocalyx (Capsule)

A

Functions in protection against immune system

34
Q

Pilli

A

Longer than fimbriae and range in number from 1 to 10
-Function in bacterial sexual reproduction (conjugation)
-Helps in attachment

35
Q

Flagella

A

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

36
Q

Cell Wall Removal from GP Bacteria

A

Protoplast

36
Q

Cell Wall

A

Complex semi-rigid structure that surrounds the underlying cell membrane and protects it and the cell from adverse changes in the outside environment e.g. osmotic lysis

36
Q
A
37
Q

Endospore

A

Specialized resting cells produced by gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are not available

37
Q

Cell Wall Removal from GN Bacteria

A

Spheroplast

38
Q

How are bacteria used in food production?

A

In fermentation processes for cheese, yogurt, pickles, and soy sauce.

39
Q

Name a bacterial disease caused by toxins.

A

Botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum. (GP)

40
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

The causative agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI)

41
Q

What is tuberculosis (TB)?

A

A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

42
Q

Escherichia coli (GN)

A

A common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and foodborne illnesses

43
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (GP)

A

Often causes skin infections, pneumonia, and food poisoning.

44
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes (GP)

A

Responsible for diseases like strep throat, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis.

44
Q
A
45
Q
A
45
Q
A
45
Q

Mycoplasma, Acheloplasma and Ureaplasma

A

Bacteria which have forgotten to produce a cell wal

Biology 002 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions