IMMUNITY

Question 1

substance that induces such an immune
response is called an

Answer 1

Antigen

Question 2

All those physiological mechanisms that
endow the animal with the capacity to
recognize material as foreign to itself and
to ___________________
them with or without injury to its own
tissues.

Answer 2

All those physiological mechanisms that
endow the animal with the capacity to
recognize material as foreign to itself and
to neutralize, eliminate and metabolize
them with or without injury to its own
tissues.

Question 3

The Nature of Disease

Answer 3

• Pathogenic Organisms
• Genetic Disorders
• Toxic Chemicals
• Other Environmental Factors
• Physical Damage to Organs
• Nutritional Disorders

Question 4

Mechanisms of Disease by
PathogenS

Answer 4

• Utilization of host nutritional resources
• Physical damage to host tissues
• Production of toxic substances
• Chromosomal and gene damage
• Body cells behave abnormallY

Question 5

NON SPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Answer 5

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
- SKIN MUCOUS
- MUCOUS MEMBRANE
- SECRETIONS OF SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
- PHAGOCYTIC WBC
- ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS
- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Question 6

SPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISM OR IMMUNE SYSTEM

Answer 6

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
- LYMPHOCYTE
- ANTIBODIES

Question 7

acts as barrier to microbes and
viruses

Answer 7

SKIN

Question 8

 traps foreign particles

Answer 8

Mucus

Question 9

interfere with functions of the cell
membrane

Answer 9

FA

Question 10

– destroys the
bacterial cell wall

Answer 10

Lysozymes in tears and saliva

Question 11

– interferes with
microbial acquisition of iroN

Answer 11

Lactoferrin and transferrin

Question 12

 – denatures protein

Answer 12

Hydrochloric acid

Question 13

– inhibits growth of gram positive bacteria

Answer 13

Spermine

Question 14

 – functions as opsonins.

Answer 14

Fibronectin

Question 15

– components and their products
cause destruction of microorganism directly or with
the help of phagocytic cells.

Answer 15

Complement

Question 16

– induce the production of antiviral
proteins in susceptible cells

Answer 16

Interferons

Question 17

– inhibits the multiplication of gram positive
bacteria.

Answer 17

Betalysin

Question 18

– interact with the
complement system proteins to combat infections

Answer 18

Acute phase protein (such as CRP)

Question 19

Acute Phase Reactants

Answer 19

 C – Reactive proteins
 Serum amyloid A
 Fibrinogen
 Haptoglobin
 Ceruloplasmin
 C3
 Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT)

Question 20

• Antimicrobial proteins

Answer 20

Antimicrobial proteins
- Lysozyme
- Interferon
- Antibodies

Question 21

attack virus infected
cells

Answer 21

Natural Killer (NK) Cells:

Question 22

initiated by tissue damage
either trauma or as a results of
microorganism multiplication

Answer 22

Initiation

Question 23

– process by which cells tend
to move in a certain direction under the
stimulation of chemical substance

Answer 23

Chemotaxis

Question 24

 Positive VS NEGATIVE chemotaxis

Answer 24

 Positive chemotaxis – migration is towards
the stimulus
 Negative chemotaxis – migration is away
from the stimulus

Question 25

 – antigen to be engulfed should be considered foreign and nonself

Answer 25

Recognition

Question 26

DIRECT VS INDIRECT RECOGNITION

Answer 26

Direct recognition via PPRR (Primitive Pattern Recognition Receptor) WBCs have PPRR PPRR can recognize primitive patterns (also known as pathogen associated molecular patterns or PAMPS) Indirect recognition via Opsonization Use of opsonins to coat pathogen Opsonins includes are: C3b, CRP,

Question 27

by active amoeboid motion

Answer 27

Engulfment/ingestion

Question 28

Steps O ENGULFMENT

Answer 28

Formation of pseudopods Formation of phagosome Fusion of phagosome and lysosome to form PHAGOLYSOSOMES

Question 29

minute cell particle that contain hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase approach the phagosome, fuse with it, rupture and discharge contents to it

Answer 29

Digestion or Destruction –

Question 30

TWO MODES OF INTRACELLULAR KILLING

Answer 30

 Oxygen-independent killing – by lysosomal antibacterial substance without the requirement of respiratory burst.  Oxygen-dependent killing – by products of respiratory burst and by halogenation of bacterial proteins catalysed by myeloperoxidase

Question 31

Oxygen independent mechanism of intracellular killinG

Answer 31

Effector Molecule AND FUNCTION Cationic proteins (including cathepsin) - Damage to microbial membranes Lysoszyme Splits mucopeptide in bacterial call wall Lactoferrin - Deprives proliferating bacteria of iron Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes - Digestion of killed microoragnism

Question 32

Important in defense against viral infection and malignancies.

Answer 32

NK CELLS

Question 33

. They resemble lymphocyte in morphology but are larger and granular. The granules contains cytolytic proteins such as PERFORIN

Answer 33

NK CELLS OR NULL LYMPHOCYTE OR NATURAL ,KILLER CELLS

Question 34

are morphologically undefined cells attach to target cells coated with IgG via Fc receptor and cause their lysis.

Answer 34

K cells

Question 35

can kill malignant cells without the aid of antibody

Answer 35

Macrophage

Question 36

have Fc receptor for IgE and can cause cytotoxicity to large multicellular parasites coated with specific IgE antibody, analogous to K cells

Answer 36

EOSINOPHIL

Question 37

exposure of foreign antigen activates lymphocytes which produces antibodies specific to the antigen.

Answer 37

Adaptive immunity

Question 38

antigen specific receptors of b cells that can differentiate into plasma cells

Answer 38

membrane antibodies or membrane immunoglobulins

Question 39

Cellular adaptive Immunity

Answer 39

 B cells has antigen specific receptors referred to as membrane antibodies or membrane immunoglobulins. When activated some will differentiate into plasma cells.  Secreted antibodies: soluble proteins and are classed as humoral factors of adaptive immunity  T Cells: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells  Helper T cells – secrete soluble proteins (humoral factor); cytokines  Cytotoxic T cells – kills virally infected cells

Question 40

Humoral adaptive immunity

Answer 40

B cells : antibodies T cells : cytokineS

Question 41

B CELL VS T CELL

Answer 41

MEMORIZE TABLE

Question 42

Characteristics of Immunity

Answer 42

* Recognition of self versus non-self * Response is specific * Retains a “memory” allowing an accelerated second response * Can respond to many different materials * Involves lymphocytes and antibodies

Question 43

The production of antibodies against a specific disease by the immune system

Answer 43

Active Immunity

Question 44

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY EXAMPLE ACTIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 44

 Naturally acquired through disease  Artificially acquired through vaccination

Question 45

Protection against disease through antibodies produced by another human being or animal.

Answer 45

Passive Immunity

Question 46

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY MEMORIZE

Answer 46

TABLE