Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Pathophysiology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define innate resistance or immunity.

A

Innate immunity is the first line of defense and includes natural barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the key components of the first, second, and third lines of defense?

A

First: Physical and biochemical barriers; Second: Inflammation; Third: Adaptive immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe inflammation and how it differs from adaptive immunity.

A

Inflammation is a rapid, non-specific response, while adaptive immunity is specific and slower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the microscopic findings of inflammation.

A

Edema, accumulation of white blood cells, and increased permeability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the plasma protein systems involved in inflammation?

A

Complement, coagulation, and kinin systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the pathways of the complement system?

A

Classical (antibodies), lectin (bacterial carbohydrates), and alternative (pathogen surfaces).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify the primary cells involved in inflammation.

A

Mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the role of PRRs, PAMPs, and TLRs in pathogen recognition.

A

PRRs recognize PAMPs, which are common structures in pathogens, TLRs are a type of PRR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What triggers mast cell degranulation?

A

Injury, immune response, and pathogens can trigger mast cell degranulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of histamine binding to H1 and H2 receptors?

A

H1: Bronchoconstriction, H2: Secretion of gastric acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the synthetic products of the mast cell?

A

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and platelet-activating factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

A

Steps include recognition, engulfment, formation of phagosome, and destruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What roles do neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils play in inflammation?

A

Neutrophils remove debris, macrophages initiate repair, eosinophils control inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of cytokines in inflammation?

A

Cytokines mediate inflammation, e.g., interleukins and TNF-alpha.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the local signs of acute inflammation.

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the systemic signs of acute inflammation?

A

Fever, leukocytosis, and increased plasma proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is chronic inflammation and how does it differ from acute inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation is prolonged and can lead to tissue damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the phases of wound healing?

A

Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the dysfunctions during wound healing?

A

Ischemia, infection, excess scar formation, wound disruption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the characteristics of pediatric innate immunity?

A

Newborns have depressed inflammatory function and are more susceptible to infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compare natural barriers and biochemical barriers in innate immunity.

A

Natural barriers are physical, while biochemical barriers include secretions like sweat and tears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of the skin in the first line of defense?

A

The skin provides a physical barrier and prevents pathogen entry through low pH and tight junctions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the respiratory tract protect against infection?

A

Mucus, cilia, and coughing help clear pathogens from the respiratory tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define adaptive (acquired) immunity.

A

Acquired immunity is slower, specific, and has memory, involving lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the process of complement activation in innate immunity.

A

Complement activation enhances the ability of antibodies to clear microbes via opsonization and lysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is diapedesis and why is it important?

A

Diapedesis is the movement of leukocytes from blood to tissues through the endothelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do neutrophils differ from macrophages?

A

Neutrophils are first responders, macrophages are long-lasting and initiate repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the role of TLRs in pathogen recognition.

A

TLRs recognize PAMPs, leading to an inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of interleukin-1 (IL-1) during inflammation?

A

IL-1 induces fever and activates the immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain the significance of opsonization in phagocytosis.

A

Opsonization tags pathogens for easier recognition and ingestion by phagocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does bradykinin contribute to the inflammatory process?

A

Bradykinin causes vasodilation, increased permeability, and pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Identify the differences between acute and chronic inflammation.

A

Acute inflammation is rapid, while chronic inflammation involves prolonged tissue damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What role do eosinophils play in parasitic infections?

A

Eosinophils regulate vascular effects and protect against parasites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the formation of a granuloma during chronic inflammation.

A

Granulomas form when macrophages fail to eliminate pathogens, forming a fibrotic barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the main stages of tissue repair during wound healing?

A

The four stages are hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do fibroblasts contribute to wound healing?

A

Fibroblasts produce collagen that helps close the wound and restore tissue strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the local manifestations of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function are key signs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Explain how leukocyte chemotaxis is regulated.

A

Chemotaxis is regulated by cytokines and chemical mediators attracting leukocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of the clotting system during inflammation?

A

The clotting system creates a mesh to limit pathogen spread and promote healing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of systemic inflammation?

A

Fever, elevated WBCs, and increased acute-phase proteins like CRP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does the body regulate the inflammatory response to prevent excessive tissue damage?

A

Dendritic cells activate T cells by presenting antigens, linking innate and adaptive immunity.

42
Q

What is the significance of chemotactic factors in inflammation?

A

Fever is induced by pyrogens acting on the hypothalamus.

43
Q

How do dendritic cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Poor epithelialization can lead to delayed wound healing and infection.

44
Q

Describe how fever is induced during inflammation.

A

Resolution restores tissue function after inflammation with minimal scarring.

45
Q

What are the consequences of impaired epithelialization during wound healing?

A

Scar tissue provides strength but lacks the original tissue function.

46
Q

Define the term ‘resolution’ in the context of wound healing.

A

Mast cells are found in connective tissues near blood vessels and release histamine.

47
Q

Explain the importance of scar tissue in tissue repair.

A

Neutrophil chemotactic factor attracts neutrophils to infection sites.

48
Q

What are mast cells and where are they commonly found?

A

The alternative pathway is triggered by pathogen surfaces like Gram-negative bacteria.

49
Q

What are the effects of neutrophil chemotactic factor?

A

Collectins bind to microbes, enhancing phagocytosis and clearance by the immune system.

50
Q

What triggers the alternative pathway in complement activation?

A

Exudates contain cells and proteins that help clear infections and promote healing.

51
Q

What are collectins and what is their role in the immune system?

A

Histamine increases vascular permeability, causing swelling and redness.

52
Q

Identify and explain the role of exudates in acute inflammation.

A

A left shift indicates the release of immature neutrophils (bands) in response to infection.

53
Q

How does histamine contribute to vascular changes during inflammation?

A

Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) are antiviral, while IFN-γ enhances macrophage activity.

54
Q

Explain the concept of ‘left shift’ in leukocytosis.

A

Platelets release growth factors that promote healing and inflammation.

55
Q

What are the two types of interferons and their functions?

A

Factors like ischemia, infection, or diabetes can impair healing.

56
Q

Describe the role of platelets in inflammation.

A

Aging reduces the immune response due to lower activity of innate immune cells.

57
Q

What factors can impair the wound healing process?

A

TLRs recognize microbial patterns and activate the immune response.

58
Q

How does age affect the innate immune response in geriatric populations?

A

C3a and C5a attract immune cells and promote inflammation.

59
Q

What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their role in innate immunity?

A

Dendritic cells activate T cells by presenting antigens, linking innate and adaptive immunity.

60
Q

Explain the role of complement fragments C3a and C5a in inflammation.

A

Fever is induced by pyrogens acting on the hypothalamus.

61
Q

What are the primary functions of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes recognize antigens and activate the adaptive immune response.

62
Q

Explain the impact of diabetes mellitus on wound healing.

A

Diabetes delays wound healing by impairing blood flow and immune function.

63
Q

What is the function of arylsulfatase in controlling inflammation?

A

Arylsulfatase helps degrade inflammatory molecules, limiting tissue damage.

64
Q

Describe the events of the vascular response in inflammation.

A

Vascular events include vasodilation, increased permeability, and leukocyte migration.

65
Q

How does leukocyte adhesion occur during the inflammatory response?

A

Leukocyte adhesion is facilitated by adhesion molecules like selectins on endothelial cells.

66
Q

What role does nitric oxide play in inflammation?

A

Nitric oxide relaxes smooth muscle, increasing blood flow and reducing inflammation.

67
Q

Explain the term ‘dehiscence’ in wound healing.

A

Dehiscence occurs when a wound ruptures along a surgical incision.

68
Q

What are keloids and how do they form?

A

Keloids form due to excessive collagen deposition during healing.

69
Q

Identify the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatory process.

A

Prostaglandins enhance inflammation and also induce pain.

70
Q

What is the role of H2 receptors in the regulation of inflammation?

A

H2 receptors reduce inflammation by decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

71
Q

Describe how ischemia affects the inflammatory response.

A

Ischemia reduces oxygen supply to tissues, delaying healing and promoting inflammation.

72
Q

What are PAMPs and how do they activate the immune system?

A

PAMPs are recognized by PRRs, triggering the immune response.

73
Q

How does the complement system interact with other plasma protein systems?

A

The complement system interacts with coagulation and kinin systems to amplify inflammation.

74
Q

What are the potential complications of wound sepsis?

A

Wound sepsis can lead to systemic infection, delayed healing, and tissue necrosis.

75
Q

What are the consequences of chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation leads to tissue damage, fibrosis, and possible organ dysfunction.

76
Q

Explain how granuloma formation helps in chronic inflammation.

A

Granulomas wall off foreign material or pathogens that cannot be eliminated.

77
Q

What are the differences between primary and secondary intention wound healing?

A

Primary intention occurs with minimal tissue loss, secondary involves significant tissue loss.

78
Q

What factors delay wound healing in elderly populations?

A

Elderly populations have reduced collagen synthesis, poor blood circulation, and immune response.

79
Q

Describe the role of macrophages in tissue repair.

A

Macrophages clear debris, secrete growth factors, and stimulate fibroblasts for repair.

80
Q

What are the effects of hypovolemia on wound healing?

A

Hypovolemia reduces blood flow, impairing oxygen and nutrient delivery for tissue repair.

81
Q

What are the primary components of the coagulation system?

A

The coagulation system forms blood clots and creates a fibrin mesh to limit infection spread.

82
Q

Describe the role of bradykinin in the kinin system.

A

Bradykinin causes vasodilation, pain, and increased vascular permeability.

83
Q

What are the three main pathways of complement activation?

A

Classical (antibody-mediated), lectin (mannose-binding), and alternative (pathogen surface).

84
Q

How does the coagulation system help limit the spread of infection?

A

The coagulation system traps pathogens and prevents their spread to surrounding tissues.

85
Q

What is opsonization and how does it help in the immune response?

A

Opsonization marks pathogens for phagocytosis by coating them with complement proteins or antibodies.

86
Q

What are the functions of the complement protein C3b?

A

C3b promotes opsonization and enhances phagocytosis.

87
Q

Describe how leukocyte rolling occurs during inflammation.

A

Leukocyte rolling is mediated by selectins, which slow down leukocytes along the blood vessel wall.

88
Q

What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis in tissue injury?

A

Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death causing inflammation, while apoptosis is programmed cell death.

89
Q

Explain the role of prostaglandins in inflammation and pain.

A

Prostaglandins promote inflammation and induce pain by sensitizing nerve endings.

90
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and how do they function?

A

PRRs detect PAMPs on pathogens and trigger an innate immune response.

91
Q

What are cytokines and chemokines, and how do they differ?

A

Cytokines mediate immune responses, while chemokines specifically attract immune cells to infection sites.

92
Q

How do neutrophils kill bacteria during an inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils engulf bacteria and destroy them using reactive oxygen species and enzymes.

93
Q

What are the roles of T cells in adaptive immunity?

A

T cells coordinate the adaptive immune response by recognizing and responding to specific antigens.

94
Q

How do natural killer (NK) cells function in innate immunity?

A

NK cells kill virus-infected or tumor cells by inducing apoptosis.

95
Q

What is the role of macrophages in clearing apoptotic cells?

A

Macrophages phagocytose apoptotic cells to prevent tissue damage.

96
Q

How does tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) contribute to inflammation?

A

TNF-α promotes inflammation by increasing vascular permeability and recruiting immune cells.

97
Q

What are the systemic effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6)?

A

IL-6 promotes fever, stimulates acute-phase protein production, and enhances immune cell activation.

98
Q

What are the consequences of excessive complement activation?

A

Excessive complement activation can lead to tissue damage and autoimmune conditions.

99
Q

Explain the difference between resolution and repair in wound healing.

A

Resolution restores normal tissue function, while repair involves scar tissue formation.

100
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts in tissue repair?

A

Fibroblasts produce collagen and extracellular matrix to repair and strengthen damaged tissue.

101
Q
A

Advanced Pathophysiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions