chapter_7_additional_flashcards
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What are the three plasma protein systems involved in inflammation?
Complement system, clotting system, kinin system.
What is the main function of the complement system?
Destroys pathogens directly, activates components of the inflammatory response.
How does the clotting system contribute to the inflammatory response?
Forms a fibrin mesh at an injured site to trap microorganisms and stop bleeding.
What is the role of the kinin system in inflammation?
Produces bradykinin, which causes vasodilation, pain, and increased vascular permeability.
How are the plasma protein systems regulated to prevent tissue injury?
Through enzyme inhibitors like C1-esterase inhibitor to prevent excessive inflammation.
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
Receptors that recognize patterns on pathogens and damaged cells to initiate an immune response.
What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
Molecules on pathogens that are recognized by the immune system, triggering an immune response.
What are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?
Molecules released from damaged or dying cells that trigger the immune response.
What is the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
They recognize pathogens and activate the immune response, especially inflammation.
What role do scavenger receptors play in inflammation?
They promote phagocytosis by binding to foreign or damaged cells.
What happens when mast cells degranulate?
Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals that initiate inflammation.
What is the effect of histamine release during inflammation?
It causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.
What are neutrophil chemotactic factors?
They attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation.
What are leukotrienes, and how do they function in inflammation?
Inflammatory mediators that prolong the inflammatory response.
What is the role of prostaglandins in inflammation?
They induce vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, contributing to pain and inflammation.
What is platelet-activating factor, and how does it contribute to inflammation?
It amplifies the inflammatory response and activates platelets.
What are the main steps of phagocytosis?
Opsonization, engulfment, phagosome formation, fusion with lysosome, destruction.
What is opsonization in the context of phagocytosis?
The coating of pathogens to make them more recognizable to phagocytes.
What is the respiratory burst during phagocytosis?
A burst of reactive oxygen species production to kill pathogens during phagocytosis.
What are the systemic manifestations of acute inflammation?
Fever, leukocytosis, and increased plasma protein synthesis.
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in white blood cell count in response to infection or inflammation.
What is the role of C-reactive protein in inflammation?
It is an acute-phase protein that increases during inflammation.
What is chronic inflammation, and what causes it?
Inflammation that persists for more than two weeks, often due to an unresolved acute inflammatory response.
What is granuloma formation, and when does it occur?
A mass of immune cells that forms around foreign substances or pathogens that cannot be eliminated.
What are the phases of wound healing?
Inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
What is the difference between primary and secondary intention in wound healing?
Primary intention occurs when a wound heals with minimal tissue loss; secondary intention occurs with significant tissue loss.
What happens during the proliferation phase of wound healing?
Fibroblasts proliferate, collagen is synthesized, and new tissue forms.
What is the remodeling phase in wound healing?
Scar tissue is remodeled to strengthen the tissue over time.
What factors can lead to dysfunctional wound healing?
Factors such as infection, hypoxia, and nutritional deficiencies can impair wound healing.
What is a keloid scar?
An overgrowth of scar tissue that extends beyond the boundaries of the wound.
What is a hypertrophic scar?
A thickened, raised scar that stays within the boundaries of the wound.
What is dehiscence, and why does it occur?
The wound pulls apart at the suture line, often due to infection or strain.
How does diabetes affect wound healing?
It impairs blood flow and delays the healing process.
What are some examples of proinflammatory cytokines?
IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.
What is the function of interleukin-6 (IL-6)?
It promotes inflammation and healing.
What is the significance of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in inflammation?
It is a cytokine that induces fever and promotes inflammation.
How do natural killer (NK) cells contribute to innate immunity?
They recognize and kill virally infected or cancerous cells.
What role do dendritic cells play in linking innate and adaptive immunity?
They process antigens and present them to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.
What are the primary functions of macrophages during inflammation?
They phagocytose pathogens, present antigens to T cells, and secrete cytokines.
What is the role of eosinophils in allergic reactions and parasitic infections?
They defend against parasites and help regulate the inflammatory response.
What is the role of basophils in inflammation and allergy?
They release histamine and contribute to allergic responses.
