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Advanced Pathophysiology > chapter_7_additional_flashcards > Flashcards

chapter_7_additional_flashcards

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What are the three plasma protein systems involved in inflammation?

A

Complement system, clotting system, kinin system.

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3
Q

What is the main function of the complement system?

A

Destroys pathogens directly, activates components of the inflammatory response.

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4
Q

How does the clotting system contribute to the inflammatory response?

A

Forms a fibrin mesh at an injured site to trap microorganisms and stop bleeding.

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5
Q

What is the role of the kinin system in inflammation?

A

Produces bradykinin, which causes vasodilation, pain, and increased vascular permeability.

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6
Q

How are the plasma protein systems regulated to prevent tissue injury?

A

Through enzyme inhibitors like C1-esterase inhibitor to prevent excessive inflammation.

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7
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

Receptors that recognize patterns on pathogens and damaged cells to initiate an immune response.

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8
Q

What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

A

Molecules on pathogens that are recognized by the immune system, triggering an immune response.

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9
Q

What are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?

A

Molecules released from damaged or dying cells that trigger the immune response.

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10
Q

What is the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A

They recognize pathogens and activate the immune response, especially inflammation.

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11
Q

What role do scavenger receptors play in inflammation?

A

They promote phagocytosis by binding to foreign or damaged cells.

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12
Q

What happens when mast cells degranulate?

A

Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals that initiate inflammation.

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13
Q

What is the effect of histamine release during inflammation?

A

It causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.

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14
Q

What are neutrophil chemotactic factors?

A

They attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation.

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15
Q

What are leukotrienes, and how do they function in inflammation?

A

Inflammatory mediators that prolong the inflammatory response.

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16
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in inflammation?

A

They induce vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, contributing to pain and inflammation.

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17
Q

What is platelet-activating factor, and how does it contribute to inflammation?

A

It amplifies the inflammatory response and activates platelets.

18
Q

What are the main steps of phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization, engulfment, phagosome formation, fusion with lysosome, destruction.

19
Q

What is opsonization in the context of phagocytosis?

A

The coating of pathogens to make them more recognizable to phagocytes.

20
Q

What is the respiratory burst during phagocytosis?

A

A burst of reactive oxygen species production to kill pathogens during phagocytosis.

21
Q

What are the systemic manifestations of acute inflammation?

A

Fever, leukocytosis, and increased plasma protein synthesis.

22
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

An increase in white blood cell count in response to infection or inflammation.

23
Q

What is the role of C-reactive protein in inflammation?

A

It is an acute-phase protein that increases during inflammation.

24
Q

What is chronic inflammation, and what causes it?

A

Inflammation that persists for more than two weeks, often due to an unresolved acute inflammatory response.

25
Q

What is granuloma formation, and when does it occur?

A

A mass of immune cells that forms around foreign substances or pathogens that cannot be eliminated.

26
Q

What are the phases of wound healing?

A

Inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

27
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary intention in wound healing?

A

Primary intention occurs when a wound heals with minimal tissue loss; secondary intention occurs with significant tissue loss.

28
Q

What happens during the proliferation phase of wound healing?

A

Fibroblasts proliferate, collagen is synthesized, and new tissue forms.

29
Q

What is the remodeling phase in wound healing?

A

Scar tissue is remodeled to strengthen the tissue over time.

30
Q

What factors can lead to dysfunctional wound healing?

A

Factors such as infection, hypoxia, and nutritional deficiencies can impair wound healing.

31
Q

What is a keloid scar?

A

An overgrowth of scar tissue that extends beyond the boundaries of the wound.

32
Q

What is a hypertrophic scar?

A

A thickened, raised scar that stays within the boundaries of the wound.

33
Q

What is dehiscence, and why does it occur?

A

The wound pulls apart at the suture line, often due to infection or strain.

34
Q

How does diabetes affect wound healing?

A

It impairs blood flow and delays the healing process.

35
Q

What are some examples of proinflammatory cytokines?

A

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.

36
Q

What is the function of interleukin-6 (IL-6)?

A

It promotes inflammation and healing.

37
Q

What is the significance of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in inflammation?

A

It is a cytokine that induces fever and promotes inflammation.

38
Q

How do natural killer (NK) cells contribute to innate immunity?

A

They recognize and kill virally infected or cancerous cells.

39
Q

What role do dendritic cells play in linking innate and adaptive immunity?

A

They process antigens and present them to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.

40
Q

What are the primary functions of macrophages during inflammation?

A

They phagocytose pathogens, present antigens to T cells, and secrete cytokines.

41
Q

What is the role of eosinophils in allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

A

They defend against parasites and help regulate the inflammatory response.

42
Q

What is the role of basophils in inflammation and allergy?

A

They release histamine and contribute to allergic responses.

Advanced Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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