chapter_7_flashcards_40
Front
Back
What are the two main types of immunity?
Innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity.
What are the components of the first line of defense in innate immunity?
Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), mechanical barriers, and biochemical barriers (e.g., antimicrobial peptides, microbiome).
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
The inflammatory response.
What are some key causes of inflammation?
Infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, temperature extremes, and radiation.
What happens during the vascular response in inflammation?
Blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability, and white blood cell adherence to vessel walls and migration into tissue.
Which three plasma protein systems are activated during inflammation?
Complement system, clotting system, kinin system.
What is the function of the complement system?
Destroys pathogens directly, activates components of the inflammatory response.
What is the primary role of the clotting system?
Forms a fibrin mesh at an injured site to prevent infection and allow for healing.
What are the main functions of the kinin system?
Enhances inflammation through vascular permeability, pain induction, and leukocyte recruitment.
What are the types of cells involved in the inflammatory response?
Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and platelets.
What is opsonization?
Coating of pathogens to make them easier to recognize and ingest by phagocytes.
What is the role of neutrophils in inflammation?
Neutrophils are the first responders that ingest and destroy pathogens.
What is the role of macrophages in inflammation?
Macrophages ingest dead cells and pathogens, and promote healing.
What is the process of diapedesis?
The movement of white blood cells through vessel walls into the tissue.
What role do mast cells play in the inflammatory response?
Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals that trigger inflammation.
What are the two types of histamine receptors involved in inflammation?
H1 (proinflammatory) and H2 (anti-inflammatory).
How does histamine affect blood vessels during inflammation?
Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.
What is the role of prostaglandins in inflammation?
Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and also induce pain.
What is the role of leukotrienes in inflammation?
Leukotrienes mediate inflammation and contribute to prolonged effects.
What is the role of platelets in the inflammatory process?
Platelets help form clots and release growth factors that aid in wound healing.
What is the function of bradykinin in the kinin system?
Bradykinin causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and induces pain.
What are the two pathways of the clotting system?
Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
What is the difference between the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system?
Classical pathway is activated by antibodies; alternative pathway is activated by pathogen surfaces.
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
Receptors that recognize patterns on pathogens or damaged cells.
What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
A type of PRR that recognizes PAMPs on pathogens and initiates an immune response.
What are scavenger receptors?
Receptors that bind to damaged cells or pathogens to promote phagocytosis.
What is the function of dendritic cells in inflammation?
They link innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T cells.
What are eosinophils responsible for in inflammation?
Eosinophils defend against parasites and help regulate inflammation.
What are basophils, and what is their role in inflammation?
Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and release histamine.
What is the difference between local and systemic inflammation?
Local inflammation is confined to one area, while systemic inflammation affects the whole body.
What is serous exudate?
Watery fluid that indicates early inflammation.
What is purulent exudate?
Pus, indicating a bacterial infection.
What is fibrinous exudate?
Thick and clotted, indicating advanced inflammation.
What is hemorrhagic exudate?
Exudate containing blood, indicating bleeding.
What is the role of cytokines in inflammation?
Cytokines regulate inflammation by promoting or inhibiting immune responses.
What are interleukins (ILs)?
Interleukins are cytokines that regulate immune and inflammatory responses.
What is the role of IL-1 in inflammation?
IL-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that causes fever.
What is the role of IL-6 in inflammation?
IL-6 promotes healing and regulates immune responses.
What is the role of IL-10 in inflammation?
IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
