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Advanced Pathophysiology > chapter_7_flashcards_40 > Flashcards

chapter_7_flashcards_40

1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What are the two main types of immunity?

A

Innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity.

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3
Q

What are the components of the first line of defense in innate immunity?

A

Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), mechanical barriers, and biochemical barriers (e.g., antimicrobial peptides, microbiome).

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4
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

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5
Q

What is the second line of defense in the immune system?

A

The inflammatory response.

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6
Q

What are some key causes of inflammation?

A

Infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, temperature extremes, and radiation.

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7
Q

What happens during the vascular response in inflammation?

A

Blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability, and white blood cell adherence to vessel walls and migration into tissue.

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8
Q

Which three plasma protein systems are activated during inflammation?

A

Complement system, clotting system, kinin system.

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9
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A

Destroys pathogens directly, activates components of the inflammatory response.

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10
Q

What is the primary role of the clotting system?

A

Forms a fibrin mesh at an injured site to prevent infection and allow for healing.

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11
Q

What are the main functions of the kinin system?

A

Enhances inflammation through vascular permeability, pain induction, and leukocyte recruitment.

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12
Q

What are the types of cells involved in the inflammatory response?

A

Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and platelets.

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13
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Coating of pathogens to make them easier to recognize and ingest by phagocytes.

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14
Q

What is the role of neutrophils in inflammation?

A

Neutrophils are the first responders that ingest and destroy pathogens.

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15
Q

What is the role of macrophages in inflammation?

A

Macrophages ingest dead cells and pathogens, and promote healing.

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16
Q

What is the process of diapedesis?

A

The movement of white blood cells through vessel walls into the tissue.

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17
Q

What role do mast cells play in the inflammatory response?

A

Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals that trigger inflammation.

18
Q

What are the two types of histamine receptors involved in inflammation?

A

H1 (proinflammatory) and H2 (anti-inflammatory).

19
Q

How does histamine affect blood vessels during inflammation?

A

Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.

20
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in inflammation?

A

Prostaglandins cause vasodilation and also induce pain.

21
Q

What is the role of leukotrienes in inflammation?

A

Leukotrienes mediate inflammation and contribute to prolonged effects.

22
Q

What is the role of platelets in the inflammatory process?

A

Platelets help form clots and release growth factors that aid in wound healing.

23
Q

What is the function of bradykinin in the kinin system?

A

Bradykinin causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and induces pain.

24
Q

What are the two pathways of the clotting system?

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

25
Q

What is the difference between the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system?

A

Classical pathway is activated by antibodies; alternative pathway is activated by pathogen surfaces.

26
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

Receptors that recognize patterns on pathogens or damaged cells.

27
Q

What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A

A type of PRR that recognizes PAMPs on pathogens and initiates an immune response.

28
Q

What are scavenger receptors?

A

Receptors that bind to damaged cells or pathogens to promote phagocytosis.

29
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells in inflammation?

A

They link innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T cells.

30
Q

What are eosinophils responsible for in inflammation?

A

Eosinophils defend against parasites and help regulate inflammation.

31
Q

What are basophils, and what is their role in inflammation?

A

Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and release histamine.

32
Q

What is the difference between local and systemic inflammation?

A

Local inflammation is confined to one area, while systemic inflammation affects the whole body.

33
Q

What is serous exudate?

A

Watery fluid that indicates early inflammation.

34
Q

What is purulent exudate?

A

Pus, indicating a bacterial infection.

35
Q

What is fibrinous exudate?

A

Thick and clotted, indicating advanced inflammation.

36
Q

What is hemorrhagic exudate?

A

Exudate containing blood, indicating bleeding.

37
Q

What is the role of cytokines in inflammation?

A

Cytokines regulate inflammation by promoting or inhibiting immune responses.

38
Q

What are interleukins (ILs)?

A

Interleukins are cytokines that regulate immune and inflammatory responses.

39
Q

What is the role of IL-1 in inflammation?

A

IL-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that causes fever.

40
Q

What is the role of IL-6 in inflammation?

A

IL-6 promotes healing and regulates immune responses.

41
Q

What is the role of IL-10 in inflammation?

A

IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Advanced Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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