Immunity

Question 1

What is immunity response?

Answer 1

Is the way an organism protects itself against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, Protozoa or fungi

Question 2

The immune system monitors…

Answer 2

The immune system monitors the constant exposure to harmful elements and provides defence.

Question 3

What are the two main categories that the immune response is decided into?

Answer 3

• Innate immunity
• acquired immunity.

Question 4

What’s the difference between acquired immunity and innate immunity?

Answer 4

Natural immunity:

● Present from birth
● First line of defence
● Non-specific
● Can destroy different pathogens

Acquired immunity:

● Developed through exposure to pathogens
● It works when the natural immunity is penetrated
● White blood cells destroy the pathogens and prevent re-infection

Question 5

What is the first line of defence in humans?

Answer 5

-Skin
-coughing and sneezing
-tears and mucus

Question 6

What is the second line of defence in humans?

Answer 6

-Inflammation and fever - prevent the multiplication of pathogens

Question 7

Where do antigens occur and why?

Answer 7

Antigens occur as markers on the surface of all body cells, viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi.

Question 8

What are the scientific names for white blood cells and red blood cells.

Answer 8

White blood cells - leukocytes

Red blood cells - erythrocytes

Question 9

What happens when a foreign pathogen enters the blood stream?

Answer 9

Leucocytes instantly recognise the pathogens as foreign cells then destroy or neutralise the pathogen.

Question 10

What are the two main types of leucocytes that play a role in active immunity.

Answer 10

• lymphocytes.
  -phagocytes.

Question 11

Where do the lymphocytes occur and what percentage of all blood cells do they make up?

Answer 11

• They occur in the lymph nodes, spleen and blood vessels.
• they make up 20 to 40% of all blood cells.

Question 12

What are the two different types of lymphocytes?

Answer 12

T - lymphocytes
B - lymphocytes

Question 13

What do B-lymphocytes do when a pathogen is recognised as foreign?

Answer 13

-B-Lymphocytes multiply and produce antibodies.

Question 14

When antibodies bind to antigens what does this cause to happen.

Answer 14

1. Mark them for indigestion of phagocytes
2. make them bond together which causes them to be inactive.
3. cause the pathogens to burst

Question 15

What do T-lymphocytes do?

Answer 15

They recognise and destroy the infected body cells.

Question 16

Why can’t antibodies reach viruses?

Answer 16

Viruses hide in host cells which is why antibodies can’t reach them.

Question 17

What part of T - lymphocytes recognises foreign viruses ?

Answer 17

Receptor proteins on the T-lymphocytes

Question 18

How do T-lymphocytes destroy cells?

Answer 18

They secrete chemicals or cause them do burst.

Question 19

What’s another name for CD4-cells and what do they do?

Answer 19

• T - helper cells
• help other T-lymphocytes by initiating an immune response against infection.

Question 20

What will happen is the body is infected with the same virus?

Answer 20

When body is infected by the same pathogen these cells will multiply faster and react faster due to the B- and T- lymphocytes.

Question 21

Where are phagocytes produced and whatsoever they look like?

Answer 21

• phagocytes are produced in the red bone marrow
• large white blood cells that can change shape

Question 22

What happens during phagocytosis?

Answer 22

Phagocytes engulf pathogens killing and degrading them.