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Biology P1 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

State 2 differences between a specific and a non-specific defence mechanism.

A

specific vs non-specific
1. specific pathogens vs all
2. slower vs rapid

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2
Q

Among other places, lysosomes are found in tears.
Suggest a reason why this is so.

A
  • protective covering of eye - thin to allow light through
  • vulnerable to infection
  • tear ducts = potential entry points for pathogens
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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A
  • disease causing microorganisms
  • that trigger an immune response
    /
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • protozoa
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4
Q

What are antigens?

A
  • generate immune response when detected by the body
  • usually proteins
  • on surface of cells
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5
Q

What do antigens allow the immune system to identify?

A
  1. pathogens
  2. abnormal cells (cancerous cells/ tumours)
  3. toxins (by bacteria)
  4. foreign **cells from other organisms of same species **(eg. organ transplant)
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6
Q

State 2 similarities between B cells and T cells.

A
  1. form of wbc
  2. produced from stem cells
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7
Q

State 2 differences between T cells and B cells.

A
  1. cell-mediated vs humoral immunity
  2. mature in thymus gland vs bone marrow
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8
Q

What is a macrophage?

A
  • Phagocytic cell
  • releases lytic enzymes
  • break down pathogenic cells
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9
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A
  • engulf
  • digest pathogens
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10
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A
  • engulf pathogens
  • destroy them using lysosomes
  • then become APCs
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11
Q

Function of APCs

A
  • present pathogenic antigens on cell mem
  • signal T-lymphocytes
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12
Q

What do T-helper cells do?

A

Stimulate:
1. cytotoxic T-cells–> divide & proliferate
2. B-cells–> divide
3. further phagocytosis
4. memory T-cells (immunological memory for future infection)

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13
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells do?

A
  • kill infected cells
  • through release of an enzyme that kills the cell
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14
Q

What are vaccines?

A
  • a way of introducing antigens of a
  • dead/ weakened pathogen into the body
  • to stimulate production of antibodies & memory cells
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15
Q

State the 4 ways pathogens are made harmless to be used in vaccines.

A
  1. killing 🔪but leaving antigens unaffected (eg. cholera)
  2. weakening (attenuation)🫥- heating🔥 but leaving antigens (eg. oral vaccine against polio)
  3. purified 😇antigens removed from pathogen (eg. hepatitis B)
  4. inactivated toxins (toxoids)🤐- harmless but still triggers immune response (eg. Tentanus)
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16
Q

Why do some vaccines contain multiple antigens?

A
  • protects against diff. strains of pathogens (eg. flu)/ diff. diseases (eg. MMR)
17
Q

Why don’t vaccinations fully eliminate diseases?

A
  1. x induce immunity in some ppl (immunodeficiency)
  2. infected before enough antibodies for protection (slow primary response)
  3. antigenic variability- mutations
  4. objections to vaccinations ∵ moral, religious, ethical
18
Q

Compare active and passive immunity.

A

A vs P
- long term vs short term
- ✔️immune response (make antibodies) vs ❌
- ✔️memory cells vs ❌

19
Q

What are natural and artificial active immunity?

A
  • natural- after being infected
  • artificial- vaccination
20
Q

What is passive immunity?

A
  • given antibodies
  • made by diff. organism
21
Q

Give an example of natural passive immunity.

A

baby gets antibodies through:
1. placenta- maternal antibodies to foetal blood
2. colostrum- first breast milk

❗protection- temporart (only a few months after birth)- broken down in spleen & liver, x memory cells

22
Q

Cholera
1. what it is
2. why no effective vaccine
3. symptom
4. factors increasing spread

A
  1. intestinal disease
  2. intestinal = hard to reach by immune system
  3. chronic diarrhoea
  4. ↑ mutation rate- antigenic variability + mobile pop
23
Q

Cholera
1. what it is
2. why no effective vaccine
3. symptom
4. factors increasing spread

A
  1. intestinal disease
  2. intestinal = hard to reach by immune system
  3. chronic diarrhoea
  4. ↑ mutation rate- antigenic variability + mobile pop
24
Q

Tuberculosis
1. risk factor
2. factors increasing spread

A
  1. ↑ HIV spread ↑ susceptible
  2. overcrowding, poor living conditions in poverty/ war-affected countries + mobile pop + growing elderly pop ↓ effective immune system ↑ susceptibility
25
Q

Why is HIV called a retrovirus?

A
  • reverse transcriptase converts RNA into DNA
  • reverse of action of transcriptase
26
Q

Briefly HIV vs AIDS

A
  • HIV = virus
  • AIDS = condition caused by HIV infection
27
Q

Tuberculosis- spread through air
Suggest why widespread use of condoms might help reduce the incidence of TB in a population.

A
  • condoms- prevents HIV infection
  • ↓ no. of ppl w/ impaired immune systems- likely to contract & spread TB
28
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • produced by plasma cells
  • all clones of one B-cell
29
Q

Why is detergent added to the mixture of B cells and tumour cells in developing hybridoma cells?

A
  • affects lipid component in mem–> holes
  • detergent washed out –> mem reform
  • in combination w/ adj cells
30
Q

Explain why tumour cells are used to fuse with B-cells.

A
  • B cells- short-lived, x divide outside body
  • tumour cells- long-lived, divide outside body
  • ==> long-lived B cells grown outside of body

Biology P1 (34 decks)

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