Immunity Flashcards
what are the types of pathogens?
virus, bacterium, animal, fungal, protozoan
what is a virus pathogen?
DNA/RNA in a protein shell
what is a bacterium pathogen?
single-celled prokaryote
what is an animal pathogen?
multi-celled eukaryote, heterotrophic
what is a fungal pathogen?
multi-celled eukaryote, suprozoic
what is a protozoan pathogen?
single-celled eukaryote, with membrane bound organelles
what is innate defense?
first line of defense,
present prior to exposure,
not enhanced by repetition exposure, does not discriminate
what are the two types of specific/adaptive/acquired defense?
cell-mediated (immunity),
humoral immunity
what is cell-mediated immunity
intracellular, cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells
what is humoral immunity?
extracellular, antibody production, helper T and B-cells
examples of innate barriers?
species resistant, anatomic barriers, physiological barriers, phagocytic barriers, inflammation
what is species resistance?
disease effecting one species may not effect another
what are anatomical barriers?
skin, mucous membranes
what are physiological barriers?
pH in the stomach, interferons, enzymes
what are phagocytic barriers?
neutrophils: kill but don’t present
macrophage: kill and present
NK cells: monitor self cells for proper function, don’t present
what is inflammation?
(innate and specific) mobilizes the immune system/ WBC attack infection -good inflammation
what are the symptoms of inflammation?
readness (more RBC)
heat (action happening)
swelling (fluid)
pain (nerve fibers compressed due to swelling)
how does inflammation occur?
1a. leukocytes/protagladins related from injured and infected cells
1b. Vasodilation
2. margination: endothelial cells + WBC become “stickier”
3. diapedesis: WBC leave blood vessel
4. chemotaxis: WBC are drawn to site of injury
5. WBC’s phagocytize pathogens
what is specific immunity?
pathogen specific, self vs. non-self, antigens elicit immune response
what are lymphocytes?
T and B cells
where do T-cells mature and house?
the thymus, housed in lymph nodes
where do B-cells mature and housed?
the bone marrow, housed in the lymph nodes
what are immunoglobulins?
(Ig) specific antibodies
what is proliferation?
the process of making many copies of the “key” T-cell to an infected cell
what are antibody actions?
- bind to antigens- agglutination, make obvious to phagocytic cells
- activate set of enzymes to attack antigens
- promote inflammation
what is naturally acquired active immunity?
exposed to pathogen- antibodies
what is artificially acquired active immunity?
vaccine
what is naturally acquired passive immunity?
transfer of antibodies (mother-fetus, mother-child when breast feeding)
what is artificially acquired passive immunity?
injection of antibodies
what is given when antibodies don’t cut it for bacterial infections?
Antibiotics
what is given when antibodies don’t cut it for viral infections?
antiviral drugs
what is CRISPR?
drug specific ABO for certain bacteria
what is a type 1 allergic reaction?
response to non-harmful substances
what are symptoms of a type 1 allergic reaction?
asthma, too much IgE-histamine, hives, hay fever, anaphylactic shock
what are symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
bronchoconstriction, massive vasodilation, low bp, swelling/inflammation
what are treatments for anaphylactic shock?
Epinephrine: bronchodialator, vasoconstrictor, bp goes up, hr goes up, increases contraction- stroke volume goes up, bp goes up
