Digestion Flashcards
how many incisors do children have? (X4)
2
how many incisors do adults have? (X4)
2
how many cuspids do children have? (X4)
1
how many cuspids do adults have? (X4)
1
how many bicuspids do children have? (X4)
0
how many bicuspids do adults have? (X4)
2
how molars do children have? (X4)
2
how molars do adults have? (X4)
3
how many teeth do children have total?
20
how many teeth do adults have total?
32
why do our teeth/jaws not fit our mouths?
- jaw typically too small for 3rd molars (wisdom teeth)
- decrease in jaw size throughout recent human evolution
- as the brain got bigger, humans developed new technologies/ approaches to food
human evolutions of food?
1.cutting/utensils
2.control of fire
3.agriculture
4.pottery
(large powerful jaw was no longer selected for- shrunk)
what are the common monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
what are the common disaccharides?
maltose, sucrose, lactose
what are the common polysaccharides?
cellulose, strach, glycogen
what is hydrolysis?
Polysaccharide-disaccharide-monosaccharide
what is dehydration synthesis?
Monosaccharide-disaccharide-polysaccharide
what are examples of lipids?
fets and steroids
what are the building blocks of sugars (carbs)?
C6H12O6
what are the building blocks of lipids?
glycerol, and fatty acids
what are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids (DNA codes fro proteins)
what makes up nucleic acids?
phosphate, sugar, base
what varies a nucleotide?
the base used (A,T,G,C)
what makes up an amino acid?
- amine group NH2
- central carbon
- carboxylic acid CO2H
- the side group (determines what amino acid it is)
what connects amino acids?
peptide bonds
what are the stomach secretions?
-Mucous cells-mucous
-Parietal cells-HCL (pH~2), intrinsic factor, vitamin B-12
-Chief cells-pepsinogen, gastric lipase
what are the digestive enzymes?
Pancreatic amylase
pancreatic lipase
trypsin
nucleases
what does the enzyme pancreatic amylase do/
splits glycogen into disaccharides
what does the enzyme pancreatic lipase do?
breaks down triglycerides
what does the enzyme trypsin do?
digests proteins
what does the enzyme nucleases do?
digests nucleic acids
what are the functions of the small intestine?
-receive secretions from the liver/pancreas
-complete digestion of nutrients in chyme
-enzyme secretions
-absorbs products of digestion (water+lard)
-transfer leftovers to large intestine
what are the layers through digestion from mouth to anus?
1.mucosa
2.submucosa
3.muscular layer (longitudinal or circular)
4.serosa (membrane)
what are the small intestine secretions?
-mucous
-sucrose, maltose, lactose (breaks bonds of disaccharides)
-peptidase (proteins)
-lipase (fats)
how are carbs digested?
-amylase (enzymes from intestines/pancreas)
-absorbed by villi into blood (facilitated diffusion or active transport)
how is protein digested?
-starts in the stomach (pepsin)
-completed in small intestine
-broken down into amino acids
-absorbed by villi into blood (active transport)
how is fat digested?
-lipases (stomach, pancreas, intestine)
-bile to expose molecules (emulsify)
-absorbed by villi and transported to lacteal (lymph)
what are the functions of the liver
-conversion
-storage
-synthesis
-secreations
what is liver conversion?
glucose-glycogen
non-carbs-glucose
one AA-another
what does the liver store?
glycogen, iron, vitamins
what does the liver synthesize?
bile, proteins (albumin, clotting factors), lipids
what are the functions of the large intestine?
-absorbs water+electrolytes (ions via active transport, water follows)
-secretes mucous
-houses intestinal flora
