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General PA > immunisations > Flashcards

immunisations Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

what immunisations do you need at 8 weeks?

A

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, h. influenzae B (HiB) and HepB
Meningococcal B (MenB)
Rotavirus gastroenteritis

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3
Q

what vaccinations do you need at 12 weeks?

A

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, HiB and HepB
Pneumococcal (13 serotypes)

rotavirus

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4
Q

what vaccinations do you need at 16 weeks?

A

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, HiB, HepB
MenB

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5
Q

what vaccinations do you need at 1 year old

A

HiB and MenC
Pneumococcal
Measles, mumps and rubella
MenB

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6
Q

from toddler up to adult what imms is available yearly?

A

influenzae
live attenuated vaccine - nostril

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7
Q

at 3yrs 4months what immunisations are available?

A

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio
Measles, mumps and rubella

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8
Q

what vaccinations are for boys and girls aged 12-13yrs?

A

Cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital warts

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9
Q

what vaccinations are for year 9 students - 14yrs?

A

Tetanus, diphtheria, polio
Meningococcal A, C, W, Y

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10
Q

why is menACWY for yr 9 students?

A

most common incidence rates at that age of those strains

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11
Q

AT 65YRS what vaccinations are available?

A

pneumococcal 23 serotypes - PPV

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12
Q

every year after 65th birthday, what vaccination is offered?

A

influenza

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13
Q

what vaccination is available at 70th birthday?

A

shingles

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14
Q

what vaccinations are available for pregnant women?

A

pertussis every pregnancy - from 16weeks gestation
influenza in winter

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15
Q

how does live attenuated vaccines work?

A

Contain a version of living microbe that has been weakened (cultured so many times – does not have disease) and can not reproduce very easily anymore
- Active immunity
- Elicit strong cellular and AB response and often confer to lifelong immunity with one or two disease

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16
Q

what are live attenuated vaccines contra indicated in?

A

immunosuppressed
very young children?

17
Q

name some examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR, BCG, rotavirus, shingles, nasal flu spray

18
Q

what are inactivated vaccines?

A

Microbe is killed by chemicals, head, radiation

19
Q

what is advantages of inactivated vaccines?

A

Advantages: do not need refrigeration, More stable and safer than live as can not revert back
- Accessible in developing countries can be freeze-dried

20
Q

what are disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?

A

Disadvantages: stimulate weaker immune response than live
- Need more doses to be as effective

21
Q

what are examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

Examples: 5 in 1, 4 in 1, HiB/MenC, flu jab

22
Q

what are subunit and recomb subunit vaccines?

A

Include AG or epitopes the parts stimulating best immune response
- Subunit: made from microbes, grown in lab then broken aprt by chemicals and relevant antigens collected
- Recomb: contain AG inserted into common harmless organisms eg candida. AG produced by candida are then produced

23
Q

what are advantages of subunit and recomb subunit vaccines?

A

only few antigens used, lower risk of adverse effects

24
Q

what are examples of subunit and recomb subunit vaccines?

A

BCG – HepB, MenB, HPV, MenACWY

25
Q

what are toxoid vaccines?

A

Useful when bacterial toxin is cause of illness rather than bacteria itself
- Toxins are inactivated by formaldehyde
- Immune system produced AB that lock and block onto toxin

26
Q

name some toxoid vaccines?

A

diphtheria and tetanus

27
Q

what are conjugate vaccines?

A

Used in cases where bacterial defence is by virtue of its polysaccharide coating and where it can hide form immune system
- Recognisable antigens or toxoids are linked to the polysaccharides to induce a response from them

28
Q

name some conjugate vaccines

A

h. influenza type B (HiB), PCV in young and pneumococcus in 65+

29
Q

what are DNA vaccines?

A

Certain microbial genes are introduced into body and then direct AB mediated immune response against free floating microbial DNA
- Cellular response ad cells take up DNA because they manufacture and display antigens on their surface and provoke strong response

30
Q

what are examples of dna vaccines?

A

covid, influenzas, herpes

31
Q

what are recomb vector vaccines?

A

Similar to DNA but use attenuated bacteria or virus to introduce the microbial dna
- Virus transports virus direct into body cells
- Bacteria manufacture and display relevqnt antigens on surface and give strong immune response

32
Q

nmae some recomb vector vaccines

A

hiv rabies measles

33
Q

can you have vaccinations with a fever?

A
  • A fever is a contra indication – most be postponed
34
Q

what do you do with a preemie baby?

A
  • Babies should start imms at 8weeks despite gestation age  IMMUNE system can handle
35
Q

should vaccinations have some many parts within them?

A

no evidence suggesting less effective
less needles and vaccinations

36
Q

is the amount of childhood vaccinations bad?

A
  • The immunisation schedule does not ‘bombard’ childs immune system
37
Q

does immunisations cause autism

A

no - andrew wakefield was disproved and lost his medical licence

38
Q
A

General PA (7 decks)

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