Immunisation Flashcards
What is immunogenicity?
Ability to provoke an immune response
What the pros and cons of passive immunity?
Pros - rapid protection, can be given to all patients
Cons- short lived, no memory, cost
Describe maternal passive immunity
IgG to bay via placenta
IgA to baby via breast milk
What are the normal Ig passive immunisations?
Hep A
Measles
What are the specific Ig passive immunisations?
Hep B
Rabies
Varicella zoster
Tetanus
What are monoclonal antibody vaccinations?
Respiratory syncytial virus
SARS-CoV-2
What are some examples of live attenuated immunisations? (8)
Tb
MMR
Varicella zoster
Rotavirus
Oral polio
Yellow fever
Oral typhoid
Intranasal influenza
What are live attenuated vaccines?
Traditionally generated by serial passage in tissue culture
Strong, lasting immunity
What are inactivated whole cell immunisations?
Pathogen killed by chemical or physical processes - or keep cell culturing until no longer causes disease
give 3 examples of inactivated whole cell vaccinations?
Inactivated polio
Hep A
Rabies
What are inactivated toxin immunisations?
Toxins chemically treated to eliminate toxicity whilst maintaining immunogenicity
E.g. with formaldehyde
Give 2 examples of inactivated toxin immunisations?
Diphtheria
Tetanus
What are subunit-recombinant proteins?
Specific viral protein produced in a heterozygous expression system
Give 2 examples of subunit-recombinant immunisations?
Hep b
papillomavirus
What are polysaccharide immunisations?
Purified bacterial polysaccharide - on the outside of some pathogens
Poorly immunogenicity as the body may have some similar polysaccharides, but can conjugate polysaccharides to improve it
Give 3 examples of polysaccharide immunisations?
Some meningococcal vaccines
Some pneumococcal vaccines
Salmonella
What are conjugated polysacccharides immunisations?
Purified bacterial polysaccharides linked to a protein
Give 3 examples of conjugated polysaccharide immunisations?
H. Influenzae
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal
What are adenovirus vector immunisations?
Adenovirus engineered to remove replication genes and replace them with a transgene of interest
Give an example of an adenovirus vector vaccine?
SARS-cOv-2 AstraZeneca
What are mRNA immunisations?
Based on injection of nuclei acid (mRNA) that is translated in the cells of the recipient to produce the target antigen
No need to culture cells so can produce a new vaccine quickly but the mRNA is less stable (need refrigeration)
Give an example of a mRNA vaccine
SARS-CoV-2 Pfizer and Moderna
What are the pros and cons of live attenuated vaccines?
Pros:
- replicate in recipient (excellent immune response)
- immunogenic
- replicates at site of infection (mucosal immunity)
-
Cons:
- potential for reversion
- potential for sustained vaccine strain infection/disease
- not suitable for all (pregnancy, babies, immunocompromised)
What are adjuvants?
Agents that stimulate the immune system (increase immunogenicity)
Sequester antigen and cause inflammation
Give some examples of adjuvants
Aluminium phosphate
Aluminium hydroxide
Monophoporyl lipid A
What are most common local reactions to vaccines?
Pain
Swelling
Redness
What are the mots common general systemic effects of vaccine?
Fever
Headache
Malaise
What is the key rare adverse affect yellow fever vaccine?
Encephalitis
What is key rare adverse affects of rubella vaccine?
Arthropathy
Thrombocytopenia
What is the key rare adverse affect of BCG vaccine?
Osteitis
What is the key rare adverse affect of rotavirus?
Potential increased risk of intussusception
What are two types of immunisation failure?
Primary vaccine failure - failure to mount immune response to vaccine
Secondary vaccine failure - immunity develops initially following immunisation but with time immunity wanes
