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Immunology > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunogenicity?

A

Ability to provoke an immune response

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2
Q

What the pros and cons of passive immunity?

A

Pros - rapid protection, can be given to all patients
Cons- short lived, no memory, cost

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3
Q

Describe maternal passive immunity

A

IgG to bay via placenta
IgA to baby via breast milk

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4
Q

What are the normal Ig passive immunisations?

A

Hep A
Measles

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5
Q

What are the specific Ig passive immunisations?

A

Hep B
Rabies
Varicella zoster
Tetanus

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6
Q

What are monoclonal antibody vaccinations?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus
SARS-CoV-2

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7
Q

What are some examples of live attenuated immunisations? (8)

A

Tb
MMR
Varicella zoster
Rotavirus
Oral polio
Yellow fever
Oral typhoid
Intranasal influenza

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8
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A

Traditionally generated by serial passage in tissue culture
Strong, lasting immunity

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9
Q

What are inactivated whole cell immunisations?

A

Pathogen killed by chemical or physical processes - or keep cell culturing until no longer causes disease

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10
Q

give 3 examples of inactivated whole cell vaccinations?

A

Inactivated polio
Hep A
Rabies

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11
Q

What are inactivated toxin immunisations?

A

Toxins chemically treated to eliminate toxicity whilst maintaining immunogenicity
E.g. with formaldehyde

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of inactivated toxin immunisations?

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus

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13
Q

What are subunit-recombinant proteins?

A

Specific viral protein produced in a heterozygous expression system

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14
Q

Give 2 examples of subunit-recombinant immunisations?

A

Hep b
papillomavirus

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15
Q

What are polysaccharide immunisations?

A

Purified bacterial polysaccharide - on the outside of some pathogens
Poorly immunogenicity as the body may have some similar polysaccharides, but can conjugate polysaccharides to improve it

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16
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharide immunisations?

A

Some meningococcal vaccines
Some pneumococcal vaccines
Salmonella

17
Q

What are conjugated polysacccharides immunisations?

A

Purified bacterial polysaccharides linked to a protein

18
Q

Give 3 examples of conjugated polysaccharide immunisations?

A

H. Influenzae
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal

19
Q

What are adenovirus vector immunisations?

A

Adenovirus engineered to remove replication genes and replace them with a transgene of interest

20
Q

Give an example of an adenovirus vector vaccine?

A

SARS-cOv-2 AstraZeneca

21
Q

What are mRNA immunisations?

A

Based on injection of nuclei acid (mRNA) that is translated in the cells of the recipient to produce the target antigen
No need to culture cells so can produce a new vaccine quickly but the mRNA is less stable (need refrigeration)

22
Q

Give an example of a mRNA vaccine

A

SARS-CoV-2 Pfizer and Moderna

23
Q

What are the pros and cons of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Pros:
- replicate in recipient (excellent immune response)
- immunogenic
- replicates at site of infection (mucosal immunity)
-
Cons:
- potential for reversion
- potential for sustained vaccine strain infection/disease
- not suitable for all (pregnancy, babies, immunocompromised)

24
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Agents that stimulate the immune system (increase immunogenicity)
Sequester antigen and cause inflammation

25
Q

Give some examples of adjuvants

A

Aluminium phosphate
Aluminium hydroxide
Monophoporyl lipid A

26
Q

What are most common local reactions to vaccines?

A

Pain
Swelling
Redness

27
Q

What are the mots common general systemic effects of vaccine?

A

Fever
Headache
Malaise

28
Q

What is the key rare adverse affect yellow fever vaccine?

A

Encephalitis

29
Q

What is key rare adverse affects of rubella vaccine?

A

Arthropathy
Thrombocytopenia

30
Q

What is the key rare adverse affect of BCG vaccine?

A

Osteitis

31
Q

What is the key rare adverse affect of rotavirus?

A

Potential increased risk of intussusception

32
Q

What are two types of immunisation failure?

A

Primary vaccine failure - failure to mount immune response to vaccine
Secondary vaccine failure - immunity develops initially following immunisation but with time immunity wanes

Immunology (7 decks)

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