Immune system part 3

Question 1

What are the bodies innate defenceses? (5)

Answer 1

barriers
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
fever

Question 2

What are the bodies adaptive defenceses? (3)

Answer 2

B cells
helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells

Question 3

What are forms of the bodies Communication (2)

Answer 3

Cytokines

Antigen presentation

Question 4

What is a healthy immune system?

Answer 4

a immune system that can fight off infection

Question 5

Is there a way to tell in your immune system in healthy or not

Answer 5

No, no measurement of observation you can make. Your immune system is considered as a whole and it is hard to tell if it is boosted or depressed

Question 6

What diseases suppress the immune system?

Answer 6

HIV infects helper T cells so T cell count is way down in AIDS patients

Question 7

what is more useful than asking a global question about the immune system?

Answer 7

it is productive to study the immune system with respect to a specific disease

Question 8

What does much research focussed on the immune system focus on?

Answer 8

Surrogate outcomes, but the relevance of these to health is an open question

Question 9

What are factors that are suspected of known to weaken the immune system? (5)

Answer 9

malnutrition, including fetal malnutrition

shortage of certain minerals

too much work to do

diseases of cells of the immune system

fatigue

Question 10

What is another study that can be used to research immune systems?

Answer 10

Cohort studies, although they are most expensive and time consuming. you can observe the incidences of a disease after the introduction of a factor or intervention

Question 11

Diet and the immune system:

Where is it found that people have the weakest immune system?

Answer 11

People suffering from malnutrition and starvation are more prone to infectious diseases then well fed people, BUT the connection might not be direct (water may be contaminated, there may be more infectious diseases around due to poor sanitation)

Question 12

What are the two issues or concerns surrounding the micronutrients connected to immune systems?

Answer 12

Does deficiency have any normal effect on the immune system?

if someone’s intake is normal, does supplementation provide added strength to their immune system

Question 13

What have low levels of Selenium been associated with?

Answer 13

Been associated with several cancers

don’t need much of it

Question 14

What has low levels of Vitamin A been associated with?

Answer 14

Need it for vision, but also needed for an enzyme that is involved in T cell differentiation.

lower levels put people at Higher risk of infectious diseases.

Question 15

What has low levels of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) been associated with?

Answer 15

it is used in electron transport (DH2)

Confers some resistance to infectious diseases in mice

when mice are deprived of it their macrophages die off

Question 16

What has low levels of Vitamin B6 been associated with?

Answer 16

impair the development and differentiation of B cells and T cells from stem cells

coenzyme that is used for many reactions in the body

Question 17

What has low levels of Vitamin C been associated with?

Answer 17

effect of deficiency on the immune system in unknown.

known that it must be doing something though.

Question 18

What has low levels of Vitamin D been associated with?

Answer 18

Known to be involved in fighting Mycobacbacterium tuberculosis

Question 19

What has low levels of Vitamin E been associated with?

Answer 19

Supplementation enhanced the antibody response to some vaccinations, but not to others

antioxidant

Question 20

What has low levels of Zinc been associated with?

Answer 20

Deficiency affects the functioning of lymphocytes

Question 21

Many of the micronutrients that you don’t need much of but NEED some of are used by what/ act as what?

Answer 21

They are cofactors of proteins, especially enzymes.

Question 22

Who was Linus Pauling?

Answer 22

a chemist in 1913 and combined chemistry with quantum physics and was really involved in research in Vitamin C on human health and the common cold and cancer.

Question 23

Immune-boosting herbs:

What is one caution abut them?

Answer 23

Is that there can be wide variation in different preparations from the same plant species at different times and places

Question 24

In immune system boosting herbs the active ingredients, if any, cab vary according to what?

Answer 24

you don’t know how much active ingredient there is

don’t know if they are effective

don’t know the levels due to the fact that they can vary

age of plant can effect levels and location of plant (leaves have more than stem)
also the stress that the plant can be under can affect levels.

Question 25

What is another caution that can come up in herbal medicine?

Answer 25

That this is unregulated industry

content of the bottles are sometimes unpredictable

Question 26

in 2013 a DNA barcode study investigated herbal medicines, what did they find?

Answer 26

They found that out of the 44 products 30 of them had substitutions

out of the 12 companies 2 had products that had what was on the label and only that in the product

the big problems are contamination and substitution

Question 27

Aloe Vera is good for what?

Answer 27

Minor cuts and burns

Question 28

Echinacea studies have found what?

Answer 28

Failed to find good evidence of an effect on the likelihood or duration of colds

Question 29

Garlic studies found what?

Answer 29

Epidemiological studies have shown a link between garlic and onion consumption, and lower rates of some cancers

Question 30

Ginseng studies found what?

Answer 30

No large, high quality studies exist to support the claims for ginseng as a immune system stimulant

Question 31

Your microbiome and your immune system:

What is the microbiome?

Answer 31

hundreds of species of beneficial bacteria your body hosts and there is increasing evidence for interactions between it and your immune system

Question 32

What are probiotics?

Answer 32

Commercial products that consist of bacteria already present in your digestive tract that are suspected to nourish and multiply your good bacteria

Question 33

Immune system and your psychological state:

what are the studies around this?

Answer 33

studies are showing negative effects of stress on various immune system indicators

stress can be physical or social, acute or chronic

can study with mice: small cage or aggressive cage mate then exposed to bacterial toxin

showed delayed antibody response to subsequent flu virus infection

Question 34

in Human studies regarding stress what is it they have found?

Answer 34

caregivers of relatives of people with Alzheimers have higher levels of cortisol. lower antibody response to flu virus infection and T cell function, especially if they are socially isolated

Question 35

What result shows that the brain has a large role in the immune system?

Answer 35

The fact that placebos have an effect on the immune system

Question 36

what are the effects of exercise on the immune system?

Answer 36

Moderate exercise carries health benefits but intense exercise leaves a person more prone to infection