DNA

Question 1

What are DNA markers

Answer 1

Sequences of DNA used to identify individual people of characteristics of human populations

Question 2

DNA is used in tracking migration of people

Answer 2

A marker might spread through a human group after it has branched off from other human groups

Question 3

markers and disease susceptibility

Answer 3

DNA markers can be within or close to disease gene and can signal the presence of those disease genes in someones genome

Question 4

DNA is what kind of structure

Answer 4

Polymer

large molecule built from other sub units

Question 5

What are DNA monomers called?

Answer 5

Nucliotides

A,T,C,G

Question 6

when you hook nucliotides together you can make what?

Answer 6

Polynucliotides

sugar-phosphate backbone with a 5’ and 3’ end

Question 7

sequencing is what?

Answer 7

Complementary

Question 8

why is it helical?

Answer 8

Mot stable (low energy) state

Question 9

what is the polyelectrolyte theory?

Answer 9

Negative chages on the two backbones of the DNA spread it out, giving easier access to the machinery that reads and copies the base sequence

Question 10

some DNA embodies genetic information and some?

Answer 10

Does not

Question 11

How is DNA copied?

Answer 11

DNA polymerization reactions which are catalized my enzymes

Question 12

what is the enzyme responsible for DNA replication?

Answer 12

DNA polymerase

Question 13

what is Ethidum bromide?

Answer 13

A flat fluorescent molequle that can slide between the stacked base pairs of DNA

• helps visualize DNA

Question 14

Seperation of DNA

Answer 14

A carb from seaweed, agarose, when mixed with water, heated, and cooled, will form jelly-like substance that is full of tiny holes

when current is applied to solution containing DNA the DNA will be drawn to the positive pole due to its negative charge

ITS CALLED ELECTROPHORISIS

Question 15

How can DNA sequences be amplified for detection

Answer 15

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

depends on the DNA replication reactions which in turn depends on the phenomenon of specific base pairing

Question 16

What you need for PCR

Answer 16

DNA template
short DNA primers with sequences that flank the sequence you want to amplify
free ucleotides
Taq polymerase- a DNA polymerase from a heat resistant bacterium that can be heated without being dystroyed
a thermal cycler

Question 17

What do genes do

Answer 17

Code for proteins

Question 18

what does a chromosome do?

Answer 18

Have 100s to 1000s of genes

Question 19

DNA does what? Proteins do what?

Answer 19

DNA hold genetic info

proteins help pack it

Question 20

the genome is what?

Answer 20

All of its genes collectively

Question 21

A typical cell has two versions of each gene the versions are called what?

Answer 21

Alleles

Homologous chromosomes or homologuse

Question 22

How are chromosomes and their genes inherited?

Answer 22

Meiosis- reductual division of the daughter cell

Question 23

What does the Y chromosome do?

Answer 23

Determines maleness in people is passed only from father to son

Question 24

A polymorphism is a what?

Answer 24

location on a specific chromosome that has appreciable variation in a population

Question 25

What is a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Answer 25

A signle nucleotide polymorphism is asite where different base pairs are found in different individuals the site might be part of a gene or might be outside gene sequences

Question 26

what are two other useful types of polymorphism?

Answer 26

variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and Short tandem repeats (STRs)

Question 27

VNTR regions are sites in the genome where what?

Answer 27

DNA sequence (15-100 base pairs long) is repeated over a distance of 1000-20000 base pairs

Question 28

A STR is what?

Answer 28

A region 2-9 base pairs and repeated 7-40 times

Question 29

DNA fingerprinting

what are the sources of DNA

Answer 29

Hair semen blood bits of tissue saliva bone

Question 30

if lots of tissue and DNA is avalible what type of Polymorphisms?

Answer 30

VNTRs

Question 31

if small amounts of tissue and DNA is avalible what type of Polymorphisms?

Answer 31

STRs

Question 32

how can you calculate the probability of a DNA match between two unrelated people?

Answer 32

The hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Question 33

What can go wrong with DNA evidence?

Answer 33

It can be too degraded to use

contaminating DNA was introduced

planted of fabricated DNA

two experts draw different conclusions from the same evidence

Question 34

What is the prosecutors fallacy?

Answer 34

Unwise practice of not looking at other kinds of evidence in the case which might nullify the probability calculation

Question 35

First case of DNA evidence

Answer 35

Pitchfork case

Question 36

Roy brown case

Answer 36

Example of DNA evidence trumping over other kinds of evidence

Question 37

Migration of human populations

Answer 37

Some groups of people are isolated for long enough that specific variant DNA sequences become common in the population

nesting effect when one group gives rise to another group

supporsts the Out-of Africa model of human evolution and migration

Question 38

DNA markers can determine ancesty how?

Answer 38

Because specific markers are found in specific human groups, analysis of our DNA can tell you some thing

the most frequently used marker is the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome

Question 39

Genomics and personalized medicine

Answer 39

Some diseases with a genetic component have been studies at the level of the gene and this knowledge can help diagnose and treat

(Huntinngton disease)

Question 40

What is the DNA barcode project?

Answer 40

An attempt to derive a set of unique markers for wild animal and plant species

can be used to fight illegal trade in endangered organisms

Question 41

when were the first dogs domesticated?

Answer 41

Central aisa 15000 years ago